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Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Development During Adolescence01:18

Cognitive Development During Adolescence

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During adolescence, individuals experience significant cognitive development that enhances their understanding of others' emotions and thoughts, known as cognitive empathy. This period is marked by an increased ability to adapt to others' perspectives and a more nuanced understanding of others' mental states, a skill that is foundational for social problem-solving and conflict avoidance. The development of cognitive empathy relies heavily on the theory of mind — the...
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Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition01:24

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A revisionist approach to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has brought new insights that challenge and reinterpret his established ideas. Piaget proposed that the formal operational stage, emerging in adolescence, represents the culmination of cognitive maturity. During this stage, individuals are said to develop abstract thinking, engage in systematic problem-solving, and show a form of egocentrism, believing others are as preoccupied with their behavior as they are...
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Erik Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial development, "identity versus role confusion," is crucial during adolescence (ages 12 to 18). In this stage, adolescents face the developmental task of forging a distinct personal identity, a process influenced by social, psychological, and biological changes typical of this period. Adolescents naturally explore different roles, behaviors, and ideologies as they navigate complex questions of self-concept, asking, "Who am I?" and "What is my place in...
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The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction or the other depending upon the temperature of the substance in question. Likewise, some chemical reactions can also exhibit temperature-dependent spontaneities. To illustrate this concept, the equation relating free energy change to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process is considered:
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Free Energy and Equilibrium02:56

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The free energy change for a process may be viewed as a measure of its driving force. A negative value for ΔG represents a driving force for the process in the forward direction, while a positive value represents a driving force for the process in the reverse direction. When ΔGrxn is zero, the forward and reverse driving forces are equal, and the process occurs in both directions at the same rate (the system is at equilibrium).
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There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally determined enthalpy changes. Some reactions are difficult, if not impossible, to investigate and make accurate measurements for experimentally. And even when a reaction is not hard to perform or measure, it is convenient to be able to determine the heat involved in a reaction without having to perform an experiment.
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Administration of &#916;9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in Adolescent and Adult Mice
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Adolescent Δ

Yan Jouroukhin1, Xiaolei Zhu1, Alexey V Shevelkin1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.

Biological Psychiatry
|September 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Individual vulnerability to cannabis-induced cognitive impairment may stem from astrocytes. Adolescent exposure to Δ9-THC combined with genetic factors in astrocytes exacerbates memory deficits, highlighting inflammatory pathways as potential targets.

Keywords:
AdolescenceAstrocytesCannabisCognitive dysfunctionGene-environment interactionHippocampus

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Adolescent cannabis use is linked to cognitive dysfunction, but not all users are affected, suggesting genetic vulnerability.
  • Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) in cannabis affects cognitive function via cannabinoid receptor 1.
  • Genetic factors influencing Δ9-THC signaling in specific cell types like neurons or glial cells may underlie vulnerability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of astrocyte genetic vulnerability in adolescent Δ9-THC exposure-induced cognitive impairment.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying this interaction using an animal model.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an animal model with inducible expression of dominant-negative disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DN-DISC1) selectively in astrocytes.
  • Administered Δ9-THC during adolescence and assessed recognition memory in adulthood.
  • Analyzed molecular changes including the nuclear factor-κB-cyclooxygenase-2 pathway and synaptic markers.

Main Results:

  • Synergistic effects of astrocyte DN-DISC1 and adolescent Δ9-THC exposure impaired recognition memory in adult mice.
  • Knockdown of Disc1 in hippocampal astrocytes mimicked these deficits following adolescent Δ9-THC exposure.
  • Activated inflammatory pathways (NF-κB-COX-2) in astrocytes and reduced inhibitory presynaptic boutons were observed; these effects were reversed by a COX-2 inhibitor.

Conclusions:

  • Astrocyte-specific genetic predisposition can mediate individual vulnerability to cannabis-induced cognitive impairment.
  • Convergent inflammatory signaling in astrocytes exacerbates Δ9-THC's adverse cognitive effects.
  • Targeting astrocyte inflammatory pathways may offer a strategy to prevent cannabis-related cognitive deficits in susceptible individuals.