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Updated: Feb 5, 2026

An Experimental Protocol for Studying Mineral Effects on Organic Hydrothermal Transformations
Published on: August 8, 2018
Transformation of functional groups and environmentally persistent free radicals in hydrothermal carbonisation of
Xiuxiu Ruan1, Yaoyu Liu1, Guoqing Wang1
1School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 99, Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China; Centre of Green Urban Mining and Industry Ecology, Shanghai University, No. 99, Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China.
Abstract:
In this study, lignin was selected as the main component of waste biomass to synthesise carbonaceous adsorbents with environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) through hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) under different conditions. The HTC method with Fe(III) doping was superior for promoting dehydration and decarboxylation of lignin hydrochar than that with HTC Cu(II) doping. The deconstruction of oxygen-containing groups of lignin was reduced while esterification was enhanced by Fe(III). The Fe(III) addition was conducive to the formation of EPFRs as carbon-centred radicals with an adjacent oxygen atom and oxygen-centred radicals. A comparison of lignin with cellulose and d-xylose suggests that the formed EPFRs on lignin hydrochar were derived from their phenolic hydroxyl groups. A high removal efficiency of bisphenol A by lignin hydrochar was observed owing to oxygen-centred radicals, which activated H2O2 to produce OH. These results will facilitate the design and application of novel hydrochar materials with EPFRs.
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