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Cardiac catheterization is an invasive diagnostic technique used to identify and evaluate structural and functional diseases of the heart and major blood vessels. This technique diagnoses congenital heart disease, coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, and coronary spasms and assesses ventricular function. It helps guide treatment decisions, including the need for revascularization procedures like percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and...
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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Probiotic Studies in Neonatal Mice Using Gavage
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Pre- and probiotic overview.

Cesare Cremon1, Maria Raffaella Barbaro1, Marco Ventura2

  • 1Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.

Current Opinion in Pharmacology
|September 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The gut microbiota influences health and disease. Prebiotics and probiotics offer therapeutic potential for gastrointestinal disorders by modulating microbial interactions, though mechanisms require further study.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology and Microbiology
  • Host-Microbial Interactions

Background:

  • The gut microbiota forms a dynamic relationship with the human host, impacting health.
  • Alterations in gut microbiota composition are linked to various diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome.
  • The gut microbiota is increasingly recognized as a therapeutic target.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current insights into the clinical applications of prebiotics and probiotics in gastroenterology.
  • To highlight the roles of prebiotics and probiotics in modulating host-microbial interactions.
  • To discuss the potential of these interventions in managing gastrointestinal disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical applications of prebiotics and probiotics.
  • Analysis of mechanisms of action for prebiotics and probiotics.
  • Synthesis of current understanding of host-microbial interactions in gastroenterology.

Main Results:

  • Prebiotics and probiotics are defined by their selective utilization and health benefits.
  • These agents exert effects through mechanisms like immunostimulation, pathogen exclusion, and gut barrier enhancement.
  • The precise mechanisms of action for prebiotics and probiotics are not fully elucidated.

Conclusions:

  • Prebiotics and probiotics represent promising therapeutic strategies in gastroenterology.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand and optimize their clinical applications.
  • Modulating the gut microbiota holds significant potential for treating gastrointestinal conditions.