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Polymers

Polymers

The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...

Polymers

Polymers

Protection of Alcohols

Protection of Alcohols

This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...

Zones of Protection

Zones of Protection

In power systems, the entire setup is divided into protective zones to isolate faults and protect the rest of the network. These zones include generators, transformers, buses, transmission lines, distribution lines, and motors. Each zone can be visualized as a separate room in a house, with each room protected by its own circuit breaker.
Protective zones are defined by closed dashed lines, containing one or more components. A key characteristic of these zones is the strategic placement of...

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...

Radial System Protection

Radial System Protection

Radial systems employ time-delay overcurrent relays to reduce load interruptions. When a fault occurs, the nearest breaker opens first, while upstream breakers remain closed due to longer delay settings. This approach ensures minimal disruption to the rest of the system.
In a radial system with a fault downstream of the third breaker, ideally, only the third breaker will open, isolating the fault and interrupting the load connected beyond it. The second breaker has a longer delay setting,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers

Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers

Published on: December 16, 2022

Functional biodegradable polymers via ring-opening polymerization of monomers without protective groups.

Greta Becker¹, Frederik R Wurm

¹Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany. wurm@mpip-mainz.mpg.de.

Chemical Society Reviews

|September 18, 2018

Summary

Chemically functional biodegradable polymers can be synthesized using ring-opening polymerization (ROP) without protecting groups. This approach enables versatile post-modification for advanced biomedical applications.

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Published on: April 22, 2016

Area of Science:

Polymer Chemistry
Materials Science
Biomedical Engineering

Background:

Biodegradable polymers are crucial for biomedical applications, often requiring specific chemical functionalities.
Traditional ring-opening polymerization (ROP) typically does not tolerate functional groups, necessitating protective group strategies.
Orthogonally reactive cyclic monomers offer a solution, bypassing the need for protection during ROP.

Purpose of the Study:

To review cyclic monomers with orthogonally reactive functionalities compatible with ROP.
To explore the synthesis of functional biodegradable polymers via ROP of these monomers.
To present post-modification strategies and highlight potential applications of the resulting polymers.

Main Methods:

Investigated cyclic monomers with inherent functional groups tolerant to ROP conditions.
Employed ROP to synthesize biodegradable polymers with incorporated functionalities.
Developed and demonstrated post-polymerization modification techniques for these functional polymers.

Main Results:

Identified several cyclic monomers that can be polymerized via ROP without functional group protection.
Successfully synthesized a range of functional biodegradable polymers.
Demonstrated diverse post-modification possibilities, enabling tailored material properties.

Conclusions:

Orthogonally reactive monomers enable the direct synthesis of functional biodegradable polymers via ROP.
This strategy simplifies polymer synthesis and allows for versatile post-modification.
The developed functional polymers hold significant promise for advanced biomedical applications.