Binding Interaction of Organofluorine-Serum Albumin: A Comparative Ligand-Detected

In the present study, we attempt to characterize fluorinated ligand-serum albumin interaction in solution by a set of one-dimensional 19F ligand-based experiments. In this regard, a model system diflunisal (DFL)-human serum albumin (HSA) has been chosen to benchmark the utility of 19F relaxation and diffusion-based experiments in deciphering ligand-protein interactions. Further, we extend the application of a similar set of 19F experiments to unravel the molecular interaction in an unexplored system of 2,6-difluorobenzoic acid (DFBA)-bovine serum albumin (BSA). Interaction analysis of DFBA-SA is of particular interest because DFBA is not only a stable metabolite of a number of pesticides but also used as the starting reagent of many fluorinated drugs. Observation of 19F-1H & 1H-1H saturation transfer difference effects confirmed binding of the ligands to SA. Further, these ligand-protein complexes were probed in terms of the dissociation constant ( KD), number of binding sites ( n), bound fraction of the ligand ( Pb), the complex lifetime (τres), and exchange rate ( Kex). Although Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG)-based transverse relaxation and diffusion analysis quantified the former three quantities, the latter two were determined by the constant time fast pulsing CPMG method. Additionally, 19F competition binding experiments performed with well-characterized BSA site markers and DFBA indicated nonspecific binding of DFBA to BSA, whereas similar measurements in the case of HSA with DFL and DFBA revealed superior binding interaction of DFL with SA.