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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Published on: July 30, 2017

Triel-Bonded Complexes between TrR

Mariusz Michalczyk¹, Wiktor Zierkiewicz¹, Steve Scheiner²

¹Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland.

Chemphyschem : a European Journal of Chemical Physics and Physical Chemistry

|September 18, 2018

Summary

This study characterizes complexes between triel molecules (TrR3) and pyrazine, revealing two distinct binding arrangements. Stronger interactions occur when the triel atom directly bonds to pyrazine, unlike stacked configurations.

Keywords:

ab initio calculations complexes molecular modelling π-holes, pyrazine

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Area of Science:

Computational Chemistry
Chemical Physics
Materials Science

Background:

Triel halides (TrR3) are Lewis acids capable of forming complexes.
Pyrazine is a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic compound.
Understanding non-covalent interactions is crucial for molecular design.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the nature and strength of interactions between TrR3 molecules and pyrazine.
To explore different binding configurations and their energetic contributions.
To analyze the factors influencing complex stability.

Main Methods:

High-level theoretical calculations using MP2 and CCSD(T) methods.
Characterization of molecular arrangements and bonding.
Analysis of interaction energies, electrostatic potentials, and orbital interactions.

Main Results:

Two primary complex configurations were identified: direct triel-nitrogen bonding and stacked arrangements.
Direct bonding complexes exhibit significantly stronger interaction energies (-50 to -20 kcal/mol) compared to stacked complexes (-8 to -1.4 kcal/mol).
Orbital interaction is a key factor, especially in direct bonding, while dispersion dominates in stacked configurations.

Conclusions:

The binding strength is highly dependent on the molecular arrangement, with direct triel-nitrogen bonds being more favorable.
Electrostatic potential is not a perfect predictor of interaction strength due to monomer distortions.
These findings provide insights into the intermolecular forces governing such complexes.