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Chirality

Chirality

Chirality is a term that describes the lack of mirror symmetry in an object. In other words, chiral objects cannot be superposed on their mirror images. For example, our feet are chiral, as the mirror image of the left foot, the right foot, cannot be superposed on the left foot.
Chiral objects exhibit a sense of handedness when they interact with another chiral object. For example, our left foot can only fit in the left shoe and not in the right shoe. Achiral objects — objects that have...

Chirality in Nature

Chirality in Nature

Chirality is the most intriguing yet essential facet of nature, governing life’s biochemical processes and precision. It can be observed from a snail shell pattern in a macroscopic world to an amino acid, the minutest building block of life. Most of the snails around the world have right-coiled shells because of the intrinsic chirality in their genes. All the amino acids present in the human body exist in an enantiomerically pure state, except for glycine - the sole achiral amino acid.

Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

Chirality is most prevalent in carbon-based tetrahedral compounds, but this important facet of molecular symmetry extends to sp3-hybridized nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur centers, including trivalent molecules with lone pairs. Here, the lone pair behaves as a functional group in addition to the other three substituents to form an analogous tetrahedral center that can be chiral.
A consequence of chirality is the need for enantiomeric resolution. While this is theoretically possible for all...

Molecules with Multiple Chiral Centers

Molecules with Multiple Chiral Centers

Molecules that possess multiple chiral centers can afford a large number of stereoisomers. For instance, while some molecules like 2-butanol have one chiral center, defined as a tetrahedral carbon atom with four different substituents attached, several molecules like butane-2,3-diol have multiple chiral centers. A simple formula to predict the number of stereoisomers possible for a molecule with n chiral centers is 2n. However, there can be a lower number where some of the stereoisomers are...

Separation of Sister Chromatids

Separation of Sister Chromatids

At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
At the onset of anaphase, separase, a proteolytic enzyme, is...

Optimizing Chromatographic Separations

Optimizing Chromatographic Separations

Optimizing chromatographic separations is crucial for obtaining clean separations in a minimum amount of time. Optimization is required for several factors, including kinetic effects related to band broadening, plate height, capacity factor, and separation factor.
Band broadening refers to spreading solute bands as they travel through the column. This broadening can impact resolution. Plate height (H) represents the length required for one theoretical plate. A lower plate height corresponds to...

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Updated: Feb 5, 2026

A Micropatterning Assay for Measuring Cell Chirality

A Micropatterning Assay for Measuring Cell Chirality

Published on: March 11, 2022

SFC for chiral separations in bioanalysis.

Lukas C Harps¹, Jan F Joseph¹, Maria K Parr¹

¹Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.

Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis

|September 18, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) offers effective enantioselective separations in bioanalysis, particularly using polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases. SFC-MS coupling simplifies chiral trace analysis, though method development often relies on screening approaches.

Keywords:

Bioanalysis Biological specimen Chiral separation Chiral stationary phase Enantiomer Supercritical fluid chromatography

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Area of Science:

Analytical Chemistry
Separation Science
Bioanalysis

Background:

Enantioselective chromatography is crucial for distinguishing stereoisomers in bioanalysis.
Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) utilizes supercritical fluids as mobile phases for enhanced separation.
Polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases are increasingly employed in recent SFC investigations.

Purpose of the Study:

To review methods for enantioselective chromatography using SFC in bioanalysis.
To provide an overview of method development and screening approaches from 2014-2018.
To critically discuss operating conditions, sample pretreatment, and detection techniques.

Main Methods:

Literature review of enantioselective SFC methods in bioanalysis.
Analysis of chiral stationary phases, particularly polysaccharide-based ones.
Evaluation of method development and screening strategies, including One-Factor-at-a-Time (OFAT).

Main Results:

SFC offers more selective cavity effects compared to HPLC for chiral separations.
SFC-MS hyphenation is highly relevant for bioanalysis, simplifying chiral trace analysis.
Method development in SFC often relies on screening due to limited knowledge of separation mechanisms.

Conclusions:

SFC is a powerful tool for enantioselective separations in bioanalysis, especially when coupled with MS.
Polysaccharide-based stationary phases and optimized operating conditions are key to successful SFC methods.
Systematic screening remains the primary approach for SFC method development in enantioseparation.