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Related Concept Videos

Communication01:03

Communication

8.7K
Communication between two animals occurs when one animal transmits an information signal that causes a change in the animal that receives the information. Organisms communicate with one another in a host of different ways. Signals can be auditory, chemical, visual, tactile, or a combination of these. Communication is a critical behavioral adaptation that promotes survival, growth, and reproduction.
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Communication01:28

Communication

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Sharing information, concepts, and emotions to foster mutual understanding is communication. The sender, recipient, and transaction must be considered in this manner. The sender is the person who shares the message, the recipient is the person who receives and understands the message, and the transaction is the method used to deliver the message and the variables that affect the communication's context and surroundings. The nurse-client connection is built on therapeutic communication.
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Neuronal Communication01:28

Neuronal Communication

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Neurons, the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, communicate through complex electrochemical signals that underpin all cognitive and bodily functions. This communication is primarily facilitated by a process involving the generation and propagation of an action potential along the axon of the neuron. When the internal electrical charge of a neuron surpasses a certain threshold, an action potential is triggered. This rapid change in voltage travels swiftly along the axon to the...
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Therapeutic Communication01:30

Therapeutic Communication

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Communication is a lifelong learning process. Through therapeutic communication, nurses can collect relevant assessment data, provide education and counseling, and interact during nursing interventions. Sending and receiving messages occur through verbal and nonverbal communication techniques and can happen separately or simultaneously.
Verbal communication depends on language or a prescribed way of using words so that people can share information effectively. The critical aspects of verbal...
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Barriers to Effective Communication II01:21

Barriers to Effective Communication II

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The barriers to effective communication also include cultural barriers, semantic barriers, gender barriers, and time constraints.
Cultural barriers:
Differences in values, beliefs, religion, knowledge, and tradition can significantly impact communication. Awareness of nonverbal cues is critical, especially when conversing with a patient from a different culture. What appears appropriate in one culture may be inappropriate in another.
Semantic barriers:
As a result of their tendency to use...
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Microbial Morphologies01:29

Microbial Morphologies

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Bacterial and archaeal cells exhibit remarkable diversity in shape and structure, critical in their adaptability and functionality. Among bacteria, the most commonly observed shapes include cocci and bacilli. Cocci are spherical and may exist singly or in groupings such as pairs (diplococci), chains (streptococci), clusters (staphylococci), or tetrads. Bacilli, in contrast, are rod-shaped and can also occur as single cells, in pairs, or chains, depending on their environmental and genetic...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Lentivirus-mediated Genetic Manipulation and Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Neurons in vivo
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Lentivirus-mediated Genetic Manipulation and Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Neurons in vivo

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The Extended Genotype: Microbially Mediated Olfactory Communication.

Alexandra J R Carthey1, Michael R Gillings1, Daniel T Blumstein2

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.

Trends in Ecology & Evolution
|September 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microbes produce odorants that mediate animal communication through complex interactions. Our models predict these microbial infochemicals are key for identity signaling, not fitness cues.

Keywords:
animal behaviorholobionthologenomemicrobiomemicrobiome–gut–brain axisolfactory communication

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Microbiology
  • Chemical Ecology

Background:

  • Microbes significantly impact host-associated chemical communication.
  • Microbial metabolites act as odorants in olfactory signaling.
  • Microbial-host interactions, whether mutualistic or antagonistic, shape these odorants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an integrated ecoevolutionary model for microbially mediated olfactory communication.
  • To create a process model illustrating microbial contributions to odorants.
  • To generate testable predictions regarding the role of microbial products in infochemicals.

Main Methods:

  • Integrated ecoevolutionary modeling of microbial olfactory communication.
  • Process modeling of microbial product incorporation into odorants.
  • Analysis of selection pressures on infochemicals based on microbial origins.

Main Results:

  • Microbial products are integral to olfactory signaling systems.
  • Selection favors the use of microbial products in identity-based infochemicals.
  • Microbial influence on odorants is distinct for identity versus fitness/quality signaling.

Conclusions:

  • Microbial-host interactions are crucial for understanding olfactory communication.
  • Infochemicals communicating identity are more likely to incorporate microbial products.
  • Microbes expand an individual's ecological role but also introduce environmental vulnerabilities.