Targeting Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ to Increase Estrogen-Induced Apoptosis in Estrogen-Deprived...

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is an important transcription factor that modulates lipid metabolism and inflammation. However, it remains unclear whether PPARγ is involved in modulation of estrogen (E₂)-induced inflammation, thus affecting apoptosis of E₂-deprived breast cancer cells, MCF-7:5C and MCF-7:2A. Here, we demonstrated that E₂ treatment suppressed the function of PPARγ in both cell lines, although the suppressive effect in MCF-7:2A cells was delayed owing to high PPARγ expression. Activation of PPARγ by a specific agonist, pioglitazone, selectively blocked the induction of TNFα expression by E₂, but did not affect other adipose inflammatory genes, such as fatty acid desaturase 1 and IL6. This suppression of TNFα expression by pioglitazone was mainly mediated by transrepression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) DNA-binding activity. A novel finding was that NF-κB functions as an oxidative stress inducer in MCF-7:5C cells but an antioxidant in MCF-7:2A cells. Therefore, the NF-κB inhibitor JSH-23 displayed effects equivalent to those of pioglitazone, with complete inhibition of apoptosis in MCF-7:5C cells, but it increased E₂-induced apoptosis in MCF-7:2A cells. Depletion of PPARγ by siRNA or the PPARγ antagonist T0070907 accelerated E₂-induced apoptosis, with activation of NF-κB-dependent TNFα and oxidative stress. For the first time, we demonstrated that PPARγ is a growth signal and has potential to modulate NF-κB activity and oxidative stress in E₂-deprived breast cancer cell lines. All of these findings suggest that anti-PPARγ therapy is a novel strategy to improve the therapeutic effects of E₂-induced apoptosis in E₂-deprived breast cancer.