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Updated: Feb 5, 2026
Clean Sampling and Analysis of River and Estuarine Waters for Trace Metal Studies
Published on: July 1, 2016
An Ionic Liquid-based Microextraction Method for Ultra-High Preconcentration of Paraquat Traces in Water Samples
Takuya Hamamoto1,2, Shoichi Katsuta1
1Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University.
Abstract:
An ionic liquid (IL)-based microextraction method was developed for the preconcentration of paraquat traces in water samples prior to HPLC determination. On the basis of the relationship between the aqueous solubility and the extractability of known ILs, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(nonafluorobutanesulfonyl)amide ([EMIm][NNf2]) was selected as the extractant for paraquat. The distribution ratio of paraquat dication in the [EMIm][NNf2]/water biphasic system was theoretically estimated to be nearly 108 at its maximum level, indicating that [EMIm][NNf2] was suitable for the ultra-high preconcentration (a maximum of 106-fold concentration) of paraquat with a quantitative recovery (more than 99%). The extraction procedure could be performed easily and quickly following the in situ solvent formation microextraction technique, and the paraquat traces in the IL phase could be determined by hydrophilic interaction chromatography with good detection limits and linearity ranges (0.16 and 1 - 50 ng mL-1 for paraquat, respectively). The combined method was successfully applied to four real environmental water samples spiked with paraquat and its analog, diquat at 5.0 ng mL-1.
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