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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Intravitreous Injection for Establishing Ocular Diseases Model
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Water related ocular diseases.

Syed Shoeb Ahmad1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.

Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology : Official Journal of the Saudi Ophthalmological Society
|September 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Water-related ocular diseases (WRODs) encompass a range of eye conditions caused by water exposure. This review examines their epidemiology, clinical presentation, and management, highlighting future challenges and solutions for these potentially devastating conditions.

Keywords:
Acanthamoeba keratitisAdenovirusChloraminesLeptospirosisOcular toxoplasmosis

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Public Health
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • Contaminated water poses a significant risk for various ocular diseases.
  • Water-related ocular diseases (WRODs) encompass a broad spectrum of conditions.
  • These diseases can arise from toxic, allergic, inflammatory, or infective mechanisms linked to water contact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the epidemiology of water-related ocular diseases (WRODs).
  • To evaluate the clinical presentation and current management strategies for WRODs.
  • To identify future challenges and propose potential solutions for preventing and treating WRODs.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature review was conducted.
  • Searched online databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, ClinicalKey, and the Virtual Library of the Ministry of Health, Malaysia.
  • Utilized search terms such as "water-borne," "swimming pool," and "eye infections."

Main Results:

  • Non-infective WRODs can result from swimming pool chemicals, oil spills, and water-sport injuries.
  • Infective WRODs are transmitted through various waterborne pathogens.
  • These conditions can lead to severe and devastating ocular outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Water-related ocular diseases represent a critical public health concern.
  • Effective management and prevention strategies are essential to mitigate the impact of WRODs.
  • Further research and interdisciplinary collaboration are needed to address future challenges.