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Related Concept Videos

Electrical Current01:10

Electrical Current

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Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large amount of charge moves through the wire in a small amount of time. If the current is small, such as that used to operate a handheld calculator, a small amount of charge moves through the circuit over a long period of time. The SI unit for current is the ampere (A), named for the French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836).
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Current Density01:21

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The total amount of current flowing through one unit value of a cross-sectional area is referred to as current density. If the current flow is uniform, the amount of current flowing through a conductor is the same at all points along the conductor, even if the conductor area varies. The current density consists of the local magnitude and direction of the charge flow, which varies from point to point. Current density is measured in amperes per meter square, and direction is defined as the net...
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Since eddy currents occur only in conductors, magnets can separate metals from other materials. For example, in a recycling center, trash is dumped in batches down a ramp, beneath which lies a powerful magnet. Conductors in the trash are slowed by eddy currents, while nonmetals in the trash move on, separating from the metals. This works for all metals, not just ferromagnetic ones.
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In parallel electrical connections, resistors are linked between the same pair of nodes, creating an equal voltage across each resistor. Kirchhoff's current law is applied to these connections, establishing that the sum of currents through these resistors equals the source current. Utilizing Ohm's law, the source current is determined as the product of the source voltage and the sum of the reciprocals of individual resistances. This relationship simplifies the process of finding the current...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

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[Navigated liver surgery : Current state and importance in the future].

K J Oldhafer1,2, M Peterhans3, A Kantas4,5

  • 1Klinik für Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie, Asklepios Klinik Barmbek, Hamburg, Deutschland. k.oldhafer@asklepios.com.

Der Chirurg; Zeitschrift Fur Alle Gebiete Der Operativen Medizen
|September 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Computer-assisted liver resection planning enables virtual analysis and precise strategy development. Stereotactic liver navigation aids intraoperative guidance, though organ movement presents challenges for routine clinical adoption.

Keywords:
3D technologyAugmented realityLiver ResectionPlanningRisk analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatobiliary Surgery
  • Medical Navigation Technology
  • Surgical Planning

Background:

  • Computer-assisted preoperative planning, including virtual resection and risk analysis, is crucial for liver surgery.
  • Current challenges include transferring planning data to the operating room and adapting to intraoperative organ dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the role and challenges of stereotactic liver navigation in surgical resections.
  • To highlight the potential benefits of navigation technology for laparoscopic and robotic liver surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing modern algorithms for virtual resection planning and risk assessment.
  • Employing surgical navigation systems for real-time intraoperative guidance, tracking instrument positions against preoperative plans.
  • Addressing the challenge of organ movement through adaptive measurement of liver alterations.

Main Results:

  • Precise planning of individual liver segment resections is achievable.
  • Stereotactic liver navigation provides real-time 3D information on resection margins and critical structures.
  • Adaptation to liver movement is essential for accurate intraoperative guidance.

Conclusions:

  • Navigation technology, particularly stereotactic liver navigation, offers significant potential for improving liver resection accuracy.
  • Overcoming the technical challenges of navigating a moving organ is key to establishing this technology in routine liver surgery.
  • Laparoscopic and robotic liver surgery are expected to be primary beneficiaries of advancements in navigation technology.