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Related Concept Videos

Standing Waves01:17

Standing Waves

5.5K
Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...
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Modes of Standing Waves - I01:03

Modes of Standing Waves - I

4.1K
A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This...
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Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

Modes of Standing Waves: II

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The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
For a tube open at one end and closed at the other filled with air, the modes are such that there is always an antinode at the open end and a node at the closed end....
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Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

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A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
1.5K
Standing Electromagnetic Waves01:15

Standing Electromagnetic Waves

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Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
Suppose a sheet of a perfect conductor is placed in the yz-plane, and a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave traveling in the...
2.3K
Halogens03:01

Halogens

23.6K
Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

A Fabrication Method for Highly Stretchable Conductors with Silver Nanowires
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A Fabrication Method for Highly Stretchable Conductors with Silver Nanowires

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Standing Enokitake-like Nanowire Films for Highly Stretchable Elastronics.

Yan Wang, Shu Gong, Stephen J Wang1

  • 1Department of Innovation Design Engineering, School of Design , Royal College of Art , London SW7 2EU , United Kingdom.

ACS Nano
|September 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed highly stretchable and durable gold nanowire films for electronics. These enokitake-like structures enable advanced wearable and implantable biodiagnostic systems with superior conductivity recovery.

Keywords:
elastronicselectronic skinsstanding nanowire filmstrain sensorsunconventional crack

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Stretchable electronics are crucial for advanced wearable and implantable biodiagnostic systems.
  • A major challenge is the soft/rigid material interface failure due to mismatched Young's moduli, limiting device stretchability and durability.
  • Existing metal films often fail under strain due to large crack formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop highly stretchable and durable gold-nanowire-based films for electronic applications.
  • To investigate the unique structural properties enabling superior elastic performance.
  • To demonstrate the application of these films as current collectors and in smart masks.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of standing enokitake-like gold nanowire films chemically bonded to an elastomer.
  • Mechanical testing to evaluate stretchability and durability (stretching/releasing cycles).
  • Electrical conductivity measurements before and after stretching.
  • Experimental analysis and modeling to understand the origin of elastic properties.
  • Integration of films into supercapacitors and smart masks.

Main Results:

  • The gold nanowire films achieved up to 900% stretchability.
  • Films demonstrated high durability, with >93% conductivity recovery after 2000 stretching/releasing cycles to 800% strain.
  • Superior elasticity is attributed to the standing enokitake-like nanowire structure, forming tiny V-shaped cracks that maintain electron transport.
  • The films functioned effectively as current collectors in supercapacitors and in smart masks for facial expression detection.

Conclusions:

  • Standing enokitake-like gold nanowire films offer a promising solution for overcoming the limitations of current stretchable electronics.
  • The unique nanostructure provides exceptional stretchability and durability, crucial for next-generation biodiagnostic systems.
  • These films have potential applications in advanced wearable devices, energy storage, and health monitoring.