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Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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The underlying principle of Raman spectroscopy is based on the interaction between light and matter, specifically molecules' inelastic scattering of photons. When a monochromatic beam of light, typically from a laser source, interacts with a sample, most scattered light has the same frequency as the incident light. This is known as Rayleigh scattering.
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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Most solids and liquids are incompressible—their densities remain constant throughout. In the presence of an external force, the molecules tend to restore to their original positions, which is only possible because the constituents interact. The interactions help the constituents pass on information about external disturbances, like sound waves. Therefore, sound waves travel faster through these media. Compared to solids, the constituents in a liquid are less tightly bound. Thus, sound...
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Total Internal Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy TIRAS for the Detection of Solvated Electrons at a Plasma-liquid Interface
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Electrolyte Solvation Structure at Solid-Liquid Interface Probed by Nanogap Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy.

Guang Yang1, Ilia N Ivanov1, Rose E Ruther1

  • 1Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States.

ACS Nano
|September 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study used surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to investigate lithium-ion solvation near battery electrode surfaces. Findings reveal insights into electrolyte structure crucial for designing stable, high-performance batteries.

Keywords:
Li-ion batteryfinite difference time domaingold nanoparticleinterfaceion solvationsolvation numbersurface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Ion solvation structure and transport are critical for designing high-performance and stable battery electrolytes.
  • Reversible ion solvation/desolvation impacts interfacial charge transfer and solid electrolyte interphase stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To study lithium-ion (Li+) salt solvation structure in aprotic solutions near solid electrode-liquid interfaces.
  • To utilize surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for enhanced sensitivity in analyzing electrolyte components.

Main Methods:

  • Employing a gold nanoparticle (Au NP) monolayer to create a nanogap for strong electromagnetic field enhancement.
  • Utilizing SERS to achieve a 5-order magnitude increase in Raman intensity for electrolyte components.
  • Comparing lithium-ion solvation numbers derived from SERS, standard Raman, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated a 5-order magnitude increase in Raman intensity for electrolyte components (LiPF6, FEC, EC, DEC) due to plasmonic coupling in Au NP gaps.
  • Estimated and compared lithium-ion solvation numbers using multimodal spectroscopy.
  • Observed changes in solvation shell diameter within the confined nanogap region.

Conclusions:

  • Developed a multimodal spectroscopic approach for fundamental insights into electrolyte molecular structure at solid-liquid interfaces.
  • Highlighted the importance of understanding solvation dynamics for advanced battery electrolyte design.
  • Provided a method to monitor solvation shell changes in confined environments relevant to battery performance.