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Addiction and stress: An allostatic view
1National Institute on Drug Abuse, United States.
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
|September 19, 2018
Summary
Stress impacts drug addiction by altering brain corticotropin-releasing factor, creating an allostatic load that drives addiction pathology through all stages of the addiction cycle.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Psychiatry
- Addiction Research
Background:
- Allostasis, or stability through change, is typically linked to homeostasis challenges.
- Chronic stress can lead to an allostatic load, potentially causing disease states.
- The role of stress in drug addiction requires further elucidation within an allostatic framework.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the impact of stress on drug addiction through the lens of an allostatic model.
- To examine how stress-induced changes in corticotropin-releasing factor contribute to addiction.
- To explore the influence of stress on the binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation stages of addiction.
Main Methods:
- Literature review and theoretical analysis.
- Examination of the allostatic model's applicability to drug addiction.
- Analysis of stress-related neurobiological mechanisms, particularly corticotropin-releasing factor.
Main Results:
- Stress impacts all three stages of the addiction cycle: binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation.
- Stress induces changes in brain corticotropin-releasing factor, a key factor in addiction.
- Drug addiction can be conceptualized as an allostatic mechanism driven by emotional load.
Conclusions:
- Stress contributes to drug addiction by challenging brain regulatory mechanisms and inducing an allostatic state.
- Allostatic load from stress exacerbates the motivational pathology of addiction.
- Viewing addiction as an allostatic process offers insights into neurocircuitry dysregulation and pathophysiology.
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