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The recycling endosome, also known as the endosomal recycling compartment (ERC), is a part of the slow-recycling process of the endocytic pathway. Molecules internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis are either degraded in the lysosomes or are recycled to the plasma membrane through the fast- or slow-recycling route.
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The early endosome containing internalized molecules matures through transformations in its location, morphology, intraluminal pH, and membrane protein composition. Together, these changes result in a more acidic late endosome that contains multiple intraluminal vesicles; therefore, the late endosome is also called a multivesicular body (MVB).
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Essential proteins such as insulin or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and micronutrients such as iron enter a eukaryotic cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Subsequently, the early endosomes fuse with the vesicles containing such receptor-ligand complexes and play a vital role in sorting the incoming ligands and receptors. While the ligands are either degraded inside the vesicle or released into the cytosol, their receptors are returned to the plasma membrane for further rounds of...
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Actin filaments undergo polymerization and depolymerization from either end. The polymerization and depolymerization rates depend on the cytosolic concentration of free G-actins. The polymerization rate is generally higher at the plus or barbed end, while the depolymerization rate is higher at the minus or pointed end. At a steady state, critical concentration describes the concentration of free G-actin monomers at which the polymerization rate at the plus end is equal to that of the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

In Vitro Polymerization of F-actin on Early Endosomes
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Actin-dependent endosomal receptor recycling.

Boris Simonetti1, Peter J Cullen1

  • 1School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.

Current Opinion in Cell Biology
|September 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Actin polymerization on endosomes is crucial for protein recycling. It stabilizes endosomal domains and drives the formation and movement of transport carriers for cellular cargo retrieval.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Endosomes act as central sorting stations in cellular trafficking.
  • Transmembrane proteins are sorted for lysosomal degradation or recycling via transport carriers.
  • Multi-protein complexes like retromer, retriever, and WASH regulate cargo retrieval.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the fundamental role of actin polymerization in endosomal cargo retrieval and recycling.
  • To highlight the specific functions of actin in stabilizing endosomal subdomains and facilitating carrier biogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Investigating the molecular mechanisms of actin polymerization on endosomes.
  • Analyzing the involvement of actin in cargo binding and transport carrier formation.

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  • Studying the impact of actin dynamics on endosomal subdomain stabilization and carrier motility.

    • Main Results:

    • Actin polymerization is essential for the retrieval and recycling of transmembrane proteins from endosomes.
    • Actin directly binds to cargoes and stabilizes specific endosomal subdomains.
    • Actin remodeling forces are critical for the biogenesis of cargo-enriched transport carriers and their short-range motility.

    Conclusions:

    • Fine-tuned actin polymerization on endosomes is a key regulatory mechanism for cellular protein sorting and recycling.
    • Actin's multifaceted roles, including cargo binding, subdomain stabilization, and force generation, are vital for efficient endosomal transport.