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What is an Electrochemical Gradient?

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Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is considered the primary energy source in cells. However, energy can also be stored in the electrochemical gradient of an ion across the plasma membrane, which is determined by two factors: its chemical and electrical gradients.
The chemical gradient relies on differences in the abundance of a substance on the outside versus the inside of a cell and flows from areas of high to low ion concentration. In contrast, the electrical gradient revolves around an...
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Calorimetry is a technique used to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process or to measure the heat transferred to or from a substance. The heat is exchanged with a calibrated and insulated device called the calorimeter. Calorimetry experiments are based on the assumption that there is no heat exchange between the insulated calorimeter and the external environment. The well-insulated calorimeters prevent the transfer of heat between the calorimeter and its external...
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Fast spatially-resolved T2 measurements with constant-gradient CPMG.

Stefan A Hertel1, Daan W de Kort2, Isabelle Bush2

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|September 20, 2018
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Summary

This study introduces a faster magnetic resonance imaging method for porous rock fluid flow. The new constant gradient technique significantly reduces acquisition time, enabling detailed observation of enhanced oil recovery processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Geophysics
  • Petroleum Engineering
  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Magnetic resonance (MR) is crucial for studying fluid flow in porous rocks.
  • Spatially resolved T2 experiments are common but can be slow and affected by eddy currents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a faster, eddy current-free method for 1D spatially resolved T2 experiments.
  • To improve the time resolution for observing dynamic fluid flow phenomena in porous media.

Main Methods:

  • Proposed a constant magnetic field gradient method for 1D spatially resolved T2.
  • Eliminated gradient ramps during radio frequency (RF) pulse trains to avoid eddy currents.
  • Defined the operating envelope considering RF slice selectivity and magnetic field gradients.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a time resolution of 40 seconds for tracking two fluid phases without doping.
  • Demonstrated the manageability of self-diffusion and T1/T2 mixing effects.
  • Successfully applied the technique to an enhanced oil recovery experiment.

Conclusions:

  • The constant gradient method offers a significant speed improvement for MR flow experiments.
  • High time resolution enables observation of dynamic phenomena like fluid fingering.
  • The technique allows for calculation of fluid displacement front velocities.