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Intrinsically Disordered Proteins02:18

Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

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Intrinsically disordered proteins are a group of proteins that do not fold into specific three-dimensional structures. Their structural flexibility allows them to complement ordered proteins to perform functions that are inaccessible to rigid structures. They are more common in eukaryotes than prokaryotes and may either be exclusively intrinsically disordered or hybrid proteins, consisting of a mix of ordered and disordered regions. The absence of a rigid structure in these proteins can be...
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Elasticity is the ability of an object to withstand the effects of distortion and to return to its original size and shape once the forces causing deformation are removed. When an elastic material deforms under the action of an external force, it experiences internal resistance to the deformation. However, if no external force is applied, it returns to its original state.
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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
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Intrinsic spin of elastic waves.

Yang Long1, Jie Ren2, Hong Chen1

  • 1Center for Phononics and Thermal Energy Science, China-EU Joint Center for Nanophononics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, School of Physics Sciences and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|September 20, 2018
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Researchers uncovered spins in longitudinal waves, revealing their role in spin-momentum locking and enabling novel wave control applications. This advances understanding of wave properties beyond transverse phenomena.

Keywords:
elasticitylongitudinal wavephononquantum spin Hall effectspin

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Wave Mechanics
  • Acoustics

Background:

  • Transverse waves exhibit well-understood spin properties.
  • The spin nature of longitudinal waves remains largely unexplored.
  • Understanding wave spin is crucial for classical and quantum physics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To uncover and characterize the spin properties of longitudinal waves.
  • To investigate the role of spins in mixed longitudinal-transverse waves.
  • To explore applications of spin-dependent wave phenomena.

Main Methods:

  • Demonstration using elastic waves.
  • Analysis of spin-momentum locking in mixed wave components.
  • Experimental observation of spin-dependent phenomena.

Main Results:

  • Longitudinal waves possess intrinsic spin.
  • Mixed longitudinal-transverse waves exhibit hybrid spin crucial for spin-momentum locking.
  • Observed phenomena include nonsymmetric wave excitation, unidirectional Rayleigh waves, and spin-selected routing.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals the complex spin essence in elastic waves.
  • Findings advance the fundamental understanding of wave geometrical properties.
  • Spin-dependent phenomena offer new avenues for controlling wave propagation.