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Updated: Feb 5, 2026

The Use of the Puzzle Box as a Means of Assessing the Efficacy of Environmental Enrichment
Published on: December 29, 2014
Apical Vaginal Support: The Often Forgotten Piece of the Puzzle
1Jerry L. Lowder, MD, MSc, is Associate Professor and Director, Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine.
Abstract:
Pelvic organ prolapse is common among women who have delivered vaginally or had a hysterectomy. In a total hysterectomy, the apical vaginal support is transected. Although evidence supports re-establishment of apical support, our research showed that this rarely occurs in hysterectomies. To address our lack of definitions of "significant" apical support loss and recommendations to guide surgeons as to when they should perform an apical support procedure, we analyzed patient data and found that a simple assessment of the genital hiatus can effectively screen for significant apical support loss. Our work will hopefully highlight the importance of apical support loss and current deficits in research and clinical guidelines.
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