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Hypothalamus enlargement in mood disorders.

S Schindler1,2, L Schmidt1, M Stroske1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.

Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
|September 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Contrary to expectations, this study found that the left hypothalamus volume was larger in patients with mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, compared to controls. This finding suggests a significant role for the hypothalamus in the pathophysiology of affective disorders.

Keywords:
humanhypothalamusmagnetic resonance imagingmood disordersvolume

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Psychiatry
  • Neuroanatomy

Background:

  • Mood disorders, such as major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, are complex mental health conditions.
  • Previous research has explored structural brain differences in mood disorders, but findings regarding the hypothalamus remain inconsistent.
  • The hypothalamus plays a critical role in regulating stress response and emotional processing, making it a potential area of interest in mood disorder research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate in vivo whether hypothalamus volume is altered in patients diagnosed with mood disorders.
  • To compare hypothalamus volumes between unmedicated patients with major depressive disorder, medicated patients with major depressive disorder, patients with bipolar disorder, and healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study design was employed, including 20 unmedicated patients with major depressive disorder (MDDu), 20 medicated patients with major depressive disorder, 21 patients with bipolar disorder, and 23 controls.
  • High-precision volumetry of the hypothalamus was performed using Seven Tesla, T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging.
  • Image processing utilized specialized methods for accurate hypothalamic volume measurement, with some controls matched to the MDDu group.

Main Results:

  • A significant group difference in left hypothalamus volume, corrected for intracranial volume, was observed.
  • The left hypothalamus was found to be approximately 5% larger in both unmedicated and medicated major depressive disorder patients and bipolar disorder patients compared to the control group.
  • A paired t-test confirmed a larger left hypothalamus volume in unmedicated major depressive disorder patients compared to matched controls, independent of medication status.

Conclusions:

  • Contrary to the initial hypothesis of reduced volume, hypothalamus volume was found to be increased in patients with unipolar and bipolar affective disorders.
  • This left-sided volumetric increase was consistent across patient groups and unaffected by medication status or statistical corrections.
  • The findings suggest a crucial role of the hypothalamus in the neurobiology of mood disorders, potentially linked to altered stress response and brain asymmetry.