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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

20.7K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

20.1K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Energy Bands in Solids01:01

Energy Bands in Solids

2.0K
Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels that are well described by the Bohr model. And, it quantifies the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom as En. Higher quantum numbers 'n' yield less negative, closer electron energy levels.
 Band Formation:
When atoms are brought close together, as in a solid, these discrete energy levels begin to split due to the overlap of electron orbitals from adjacent atoms. This split occurs because of the Pauli exclusion principle, which states...
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Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Multifunctional Epoxy-Based Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Solid-State Supercapacitors.

Suk Jin Kwon1, Taehoon Kim1, Byung Mun Jung1

  • 1Functional Composite Department , Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS) , Changwon 51508 , Korea.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|September 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study developed a robust solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) for safe energy storage by combining a cross-linked epoxy matrix with an ionic liquid/lithium salt electrolyte and Al2O3 nanowires. The resulting SPE exhibits excellent mechanical strength and good ionic conductivity, enabling high-performance supercapacitors.

Keywords:
bicontinuous composite electrolyteenergy densityionic conductivitypower densitysolid polymer electrolytessupercapacitors

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are crucial for safe energy storage due to their mechanical properties and ionic conductivity.
  • Developing multifunctional electrolytes with both mechanical robustness and high ionic conductivity remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create a safe and mechanically robust solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) for energy storage applications.
  • To enhance the ionic conductivity and mechanical properties of SPEs using a facile one-pot curing process.

Main Methods:

  • Combined a mechanically robust cross-linked epoxy matrix with a fast ion-diffusing ionic liquid/lithium salt electrolyte (ILE).
  • Incorporated inorganic Al2O3 nanowires to simultaneously improve mechanical robustness and ionic conductivity.
  • Investigated material properties including Young's modulus, glass transition temperature, and ionic conductivity.
  • Assembled SPE with activated carbon electrodes to demonstrate supercapacitor performance.

Main Results:

  • Epoxy-rich SPEs showed higher mechanical strength but lower ionic conductivity compared to ILE-rich SPEs.
  • SPEs with Al2O3 nanowires achieved excellent mechanical robustness (E ≈ 1 GPa) and good ionic conductivity (σdc ≈ 2.9 × 10-4 S/cm).
  • Microstructural analysis revealed bicontinuous phase separation, facilitating ion transport through continuous ILE phases within the epoxy framework.
  • Supercapacitors demonstrated high energy and power densities (75 Wh/kg at 382 W/kg and 9.3 kW/kg at 44 Wh/kg).

Conclusions:

  • The facile one-pot strategy successfully yielded a multifunctional SPE with superior mechanical and electrochemical properties.
  • The developed SPE, featuring a bicontinuous structure and Al2O3 reinforcement, is highly promising for advanced energy storage devices.
  • This approach offers significant potential for next-generation electric vehicle technology.