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Related Concept Videos

CRISPR01:59

CRISPR

57.9K
Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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The Nucleosome Core Particle02:10

The Nucleosome Core Particle

14.5K
Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
The paradox
Nucleosomes, paradoxically, perform two opposite functions simultaneously. On the one hand, their main responsibility is to protect the delicate DNA strands from physical damage and help achieve a higher compaction ratio. While on the other hand, they must allow polymerase enzymes to access DNA...
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The Nucleosome Core Particle01:12

The Nucleosome Core Particle

2.4K
Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
Nucleosomes, paradoxically, perform two opposite functions simultaneously. On the one hand, their primary aim is to protect the delicate DNA strands from physical damage and help achieve a higher compaction ratio. On the other hand, they must allow polymerase enzymes to access histone-bound DNA during...
2.4K
CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

CRISPR and crRNAs

19.1K
Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
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pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

57.6K
In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
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Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

15.1K
In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps...
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Updated: Feb 5, 2026

High-throughput CRISPR Vector Construction and Characterization of DNA Modifications by Generation of Tomato Hairy Roots
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High-throughput CRISPR Vector Construction and Characterization of DNA Modifications by Generation of Tomato Hairy Roots

Published on: April 30, 2016

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Pre-existing technological core and roots for the CRISPR breakthrough.

Christopher L Magee1,2, Patrick W Kleyn3, Brendan M Monks4

  • 1MIT Institute for Data, Systems and Society (IDSS), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America.

Plos One
|September 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Objective methods reveal CRISPR genome engineering

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Construction of Homozygous Mutants of Migratory Locust Using CRISPR/Cas9 Technology
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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Genomics
  • Intellectual Property Analysis

Background:

  • CRISPR technology is a revolutionary genome engineering tool.
  • Understanding its technological origins is crucial for future advancements.
  • Previous studies highlighted CRISPR's broad scientific and technological roots.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To objectively explore the technological origins of CRISPR.
  • To identify key knowledge trajectories leading to the CRISPR breakthrough.
  • To analyze the rate of technological improvement in genome engineering.

Main Methods:

  • Patent search techniques to identify pre-CRISPR genome editing patents.
  • Citation network analysis to determine knowledge trajectories.
  • Identification and analysis of 'CRISPR roots' patents.

Main Results:

  • CRISPR's development is linked to core genome editing, cloning, and endonuclease technologies.
  • CRISPR roots encompass diverse technological knowledge beyond genome engineering.
  • The estimated annual improvement rate for CRISPR roots is 9%, higher than the general genome engineering set (4%).

Conclusions:

  • CRISPR's breakthrough resulted from a wide array of technological contributions.
  • The identified improvement rates suggest long-term potential for CRISPR and future genome engineering developments.
  • Objective patent analysis provides insights into complex technological innovation pathways.