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Related Concept Videos

Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Alterations in Respiration II01:30

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There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
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Altered States of Awareness01:06

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Altered states of consciousness represent significant deviations from one's normal mental state. These deviations can range from subtle changes in awareness to profound transformations in perception, thought processes, and sensory experiences. Altered states of consciousness can be triggered by various factors, including drug use, meditation, hypnosis, illness, or even intense fatigue.
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Fixed Action Patterns01:06

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A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a specific, hard-wired sequence of behaviors that occurs in response to an external stimulus, called a sign stimulus. The behavior is “fixed” because it is essentially unchangeable—proceeding similarly across individuals of a species every time it occurs.
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Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

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Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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A Standardized Liquid Biopsy Preanalytical Protocol for Downstream Circulating-Free DNA Applications
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Liquid Biopsy to Identify Actionable Genomic Alterations.

Sai-Hong Ignatius Ou1, Misako Nagasaka1, Viola W Zhu1

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American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Annual Meeting
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Liquid biopsy tests detect cancer mutations for treatment and recurrence monitoring. Approved kits focus on lung and colorectal cancers, with emerging uses in breast and prostate cancers for resistance detection.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Diagnostics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Liquid biopsy is widely used in solid tumors for mutation detection, treatment monitoring, recurrence surveillance, resistance identification, and outcome prognostication.
  • While numerous liquid biopsy sequencing platforms exist, only five test kits have received government approval for clinical use.
  • Approved kits primarily target EGFR mutations in lung cancer and RAS mutations in colorectal carcinoma.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review government-approved liquid biopsy kits and their applications in oncology.
  • To discuss the utility of next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms in liquid biopsy.
  • To explore the role of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in detecting minimal residual disease and its prognostic significance.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of government-approved liquid biopsy kits.
  • Discussion of commonly used NGS liquid biopsy tests (Guardant 360, FoundationACT).
  • Analysis of ctDNA's role in detecting minimal residual disease and patient stratification.

Main Results:

  • Approved liquid biopsy kits are mainly used for EGFR mutations in lung cancer and RAS mutations in colorectal cancer.
  • Emerging applications include PIK3CA mutation detection for hormonal blockade resistance in breast and prostate cancers.
  • NGS platforms show applicability in detecting tumor mutation burden and ctDNA characteristics.

Conclusions:

  • Government-approved liquid biopsy kits offer valuable tools for specific cancer types and mutations.
  • ctDNA analysis for minimal residual disease holds significant prognostic potential, especially in heterogeneous tumors.
  • Identifying ctDNA 'shedders' and 'non-shedders' can provide clinical insights and survival prognostication.