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Related Concept Videos

Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

Arteries of the Head and Neck

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The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
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Veins of Head and Neck01:19

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The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
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Major Organs of the Digestive System01:19

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The digestive system is responsible for the ingestion of food, secretion of enzymes, mixing and digesting food, absorption of the nutrients and defecation. The human digestive system consists of two major parts: the gastrointestinal tract and the accessory digestive organs.
Gastrointestinal tract:
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Major Losses in Pipes01:28

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When a fluid flows through a pipe, it experiences energy losses due to frictional resistance along the pipe walls, known as major losses. These energy losses result in a pressure drop, which varies based on the flow conditions — whether laminar or turbulent — and the specific physical properties of the fluid and pipe.
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Muscles of the Anterior Neck01:26

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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Porcine As a Training Module for Head and Neck Microvascular Reconstruction
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Major Changes in Head and Neck Staging for 2018.

William Lydiatt1, Brian O'Sullivan1, Snehal Patel1

  • 1From the Department of Surgery, Nebraska Methodist Hospital, Creighton University, Omaha, NE; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Head and Neck Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.

American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Annual Meeting
|September 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Head and neck cancer staging was updated in 2018 with new criteria for oral cavity, oropharyngeal cancers (OPCs), and extranodal extension. These changes impact oncologists’ understanding and treatment of these cancers.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cancer Staging
  • Head and Neck Cancers

Background:

  • Head and neck cancer staging undergoes periodic revisions to reflect evolving understanding and improve treatment accuracy.
  • Previous staging systems may not fully capture prognostic factors crucial for personalized treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To inform oncologists about significant 2018 updates to head and neck cancer staging.
  • To detail modifications in staging for oral cavity cancers, oropharyngeal cancers (OPCs), and the inclusion of extranodal extension.

Main Methods:

  • Review of major modifications and additions to head and neck cancer staging effective in 2018.
  • Discussion of the rationale and supporting data for these staging changes.

Main Results:

  • Oral cavity cancer staging now includes depth of invasion.
  • Oropharyngeal cancers (OPCs) are stratified by p16 status, differentiating human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated and non-associated tumors.
  • Extranodal extension is now a key parameter for most head and neck sites, excluding nasopharyngeal carcinoma and HPV-associated OPCs.

Conclusions:

  • Oncologists must be aware of the 2018 staging revisions for accurate head and neck cancer assessment.
  • These updates, incorporating depth of invasion, p16 status, and extranodal extension, are critical for precise staging and treatment planning.