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Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves01:24

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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is a crucial component of the body's neural network, extending beyond the central nervous system (CNS) to bridge the gap between the CNS and the external environment. It encompasses nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
Nerves
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The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
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The neuronal supply to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is essential for regulating various functions, including digestion, absorption, and movement of food. This intricate network of nerves is known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), often referred to as the "second brain" of the body.
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Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction

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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...
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Cranial Nerves: Types Part I01:14

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, with the first six being essential in sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions related to the head and neck.
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Cranial Nerves: Types Part II01:22

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Optogenetic Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve
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Optogenetic Peripheral Nerve Immunogenicity.

Benjamin E Maimon1,2, Maurizio Diaz3, Emilie C M Revol4

  • 1MIT Media Lab, Center for Extreme Bionics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Scientific Reports
|September 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Optogenetics using channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) can cause immune responses in the spinal cord, leading to neuron death and muscle atrophy. Immunosuppression may be necessary for safe clinical applications of optogenetics.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Gene Therapy

Background:

  • Optogenetics offers powerful tools for studying the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous systems (PNS).
  • Clinical trials are exploring optogenetics for conditions like retinitis pigmentosa.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the cause of optogenetic loss-of-expression after peroneal nerve injection of AAV6-hSyn-ChR2(H134R).
  • Determine the safety and efficacy of optogenetic therapies in the PNS.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Sprague Dawley Rag2-/- rats with anterior compartment (AC) injections of AAV6-hSyn-ChR2(H134R).
  • Employed transdermal illumination and pharmacological immunosuppression with tacrolimus.
  • Assessed CNS motor neuron survival and muscle atrophy.

Main Results:

  • Optogenetic loss-of-expression is primarily due to ChR2-mediated immunogenicity in the spinal cord.
  • Observed CNS motor neuron death and ipsilateral muscle atrophy across AAV dosages.
  • Sustained optogenetic expression up to 12 weeks was achieved with immunosuppression.

Conclusions:

  • AAV-mediated optogenetic expression in the PNS may pose safety risks.
  • Clinical optogenetics for CNS and PNS applications requires caution and potential immunosuppression.
  • Future research should prioritize developing opsins with reduced immunogenicity.