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Pleural Disorders: Types and Brief Description

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The pleura is a vital part of the respiratory system. It's a double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs and lining the chest cavity. The two layers of the pleura are:
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Fluid flow analysis is critical in many scientific and engineering disciplines, and two principal approaches are used to describe this flow: the Eulerian and Lagrangian methods. These methods offer different perspectives on monitoring and analyzing the motion of fluids, each with distinct advantages depending on the scenario.
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The hepatic portal system, a critical part of our circulatory framework, transports nutrient-laden, deoxygenated blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver. This ingenious system plays an indispensable role in maintaining our body's metabolic equilibrium.
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The biliary system of the liver, crucial for bile secretion and drug excretion, comprises intrahepatic bile ducts that merge to form the common hepatic duct. This duct, carrying hepatic bile, combines with the cystic duct, draining the gallbladder and forming the common bile duct, which empties into the duodenum. Bile, produced by hepatic cells lining the bile canaliculi, is composed primarily of water, bile salts, pigments, electrolytes, and lesser amounts of cholesterol and fatty acids. Bile...
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Related Experiment Video

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Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells
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Hepatitis E infection in Odisha, India: A descriptive analysis.

Shantanu K Kar1, Bhagirathi Dwibedi2, Vijayalaxmi V Mogasale3

  • 1Director (Research) Medical and Life Sciences, Directorate of Medical Research, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha "O" Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

Indian Journal of Public Health
|September 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is a significant threat, especially to pregnant women. This study reveals HEV is widespread in Odisha, India, highlighting a potential hidden disease burden.

Keywords:
Hepatitis Eoutbreaksurveillancevaccine

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health Surveillance

Background:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) poses a severe risk, with up to 25% mortality in pregnant women during their third trimester.
  • India lacks robust surveillance for HEV, a major cause of viral hepatitis.
  • HEV's impact on pregnant women and its prevalence in India require urgent investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the prevalence and burden of HEV infection in Odisha, India.
  • To identify HEV outbreaks and characterize HEV-positive cases, particularly among women of childbearing age.
  • To inform public health policy for HEV control measures.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of jaundice outbreak and hospital records from January 2012 to September 2013 in Odisha.
  • Laboratory confirmation of HEV infection using HEV immunoglobulin M enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
  • Analysis of HEV positivity rates in jaundiced individuals and specific demographic groups.

Main Results:

  • 14 HEV-confirmed outbreaks were identified, with 33% of 139 outbreak cases testing positive for HEV.
  • HEV was detected in 18% of 495 additional jaundiced cases from hospital records.
  • Among 35 HEV-positive women, 34% were of childbearing age, indicating a significant burden in this demographic.

Conclusions:

  • HEV infection appears widespread in Odisha, suggesting a substantial, potentially underestimated, disease burden.
  • Findings underscore the need for enhanced HEV surveillance, especially in geographically similar regions and among women of childbearing age.
  • Evidence-based control measures for HEV are recommended, prioritizing at-risk populations.