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Related Concept Videos

The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
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Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
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Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain
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Modeling Neural Adaptation in Auditory Cortex.

Pawel Kudela1,2, Dana Boatman-Reich3,4, David Beeman5

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.

Frontiers in Neural Circuits
|September 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study models auditory cortex adaptation, finding that repetitive sounds cause frequency-specific neural decreases. These results suggest multiple mechanisms, like neural fatigue and sharpening, contribute to stimulus-specific adaptation in the brain.

Keywords:
ECoGadaptationauditory cortexauditory evoked responsescomputational modelinglocal field potentialsneural networkrepetition suppression

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Neural responses in the auditory cortex show stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA), a decrease in response to repeated sounds.
  • SSA is believed to enhance perception in noisy environments, but its cortical origin is hard to confirm in vivo.
  • Previous research has primarily focused on subcortical origins of adaptation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cortical mechanisms underlying stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA) in the auditory cortex.
  • To validate whether SSA can arise independently within the cortex using a computational model.
  • To differentiate between proposed mechanisms of cortical adaptation, namely neural fatigue and neural sharpening.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a computational neural network model of the auditory cortex incorporating multicompartmental neuron modeling.
  • Simulated neural responses to repetitive, non-adapted inputs in layer IV neurons.
  • Generated simulated local field potentials (LFPs) from excitatory post-synaptic inputs in layers II/III.
  • Manipulated synaptic connection strengths and types (excitatory/inhibitory) to model neural fatigue and sharpening.

Main Results:

  • The model successfully replicated frequency-specific decreases in single neuron, population, and LFP activity, consistent with SSA.
  • Simulated LFPs exhibited waveform morphologies and stimulus probability effects similar to human auditory evoked responses.
  • Synaptic depression in excitatory (AMPA) synapses mimicked neural fatigue by reducing firing rates.
  • Lateral inhibition from interneurons induced neural sharpening by decreasing the number of responding neurons without altering firing rates.

Conclusions:

  • Cortical adaptation, specifically SSA, can emerge independently within the auditory cortex.
  • Both neural fatigue (via synaptic depression) and neural sharpening (via lateral inhibition) are viable mechanisms contributing to SSA.
  • Computational modeling provides a powerful tool for dissecting complex neural phenomena like cortical adaptation.