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Tendinous Tissue Adaptation to Explosive- vs. Sustained-Contraction Strength Training.

Garry J Massey^1,2, Thomas G Balshaw^1,2, Thomas M Maden-Wilkinson^2,3

¹Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.

Frontiers in Physiology

|September 21, 2018

Summary

Explosive-contraction training (ECT) and sustained-contraction training (SCT) both enhance patellar tendon stiffness. However, only SCT effectively increases tendon-aponeurosis complex stiffness and muscle hypertrophy, suggesting different training adaptations.

Keywords:

aponeurosis hypertrophy muscle stiffness strength training tendon young’s modulus

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Area of Science:

Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology
Musculoskeletal Adaptations to Training

Background:

The impact of diverse strength training methods, especially explosive contractions, on tendon properties remains unclear.
Understanding these effects is crucial for optimizing training programs and injury prevention strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the effects of 12-week explosive-contraction training (ECT) versus sustained-contraction training (SCT) on patellar tendon and knee extensor tendon-aponeurosis properties.
To assess changes in tendon/aponeurosis stiffness, Young's modulus, and muscle/aponeurosis size in healthy young men.

Main Methods:

Three groups: ECT (n=14), SCT (n=15), and control (n=13).
Training involved 40 isometric knee extensions thrice weekly, with SCT holding contractions at 75% MVT for 3s and ECT performing brief, fast contractions to ~80% MVT.
Measurements included ultrasonography, dynamometry, and MRI to assess tendon/aponeurosis stiffness, Young's modulus, muscle volume, and cross-sectional areas.

Main Results:

Both ECT and SCT significantly increased patellar tendon stiffness and Young's modulus compared to control.
SCT uniquely enhanced tendon-aponeurosis complex high-force stiffness and quadriceps muscle volume (hypertrophy).
ECT led to greater overall tendon-aponeurosis complex elongation, with no significant changes in tendon cross-sectional area for either training group.

Conclusions:

Brief, high-force muscle contractions (ECT) can improve free tendon stiffness.
Sustained-contraction training (SCT) is more effective for increasing tendon-aponeurosis complex stiffness and promoting muscle hypertrophy.
Different strength training protocols induce distinct adaptations in the musculoskeletal system.