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Dual Task Effects on Visual Attention Capacity in Normal Aging.

Erika C S Künstler1, Melanie D Penning2, Natan Napiórkowski2

  • 1Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.

Frontiers in Psychology
|September 21, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Older adults experience greater performance declines during dual-tasking due to reduced visual short-term memory (VSTM) capacity. This age-related deficit in VSTM capacity is exacerbated by increased motor task complexity, impacting attention sharing.

Keywords:
dual-taskinghealthy agingmulti-taskingtheory of visual attentionvisual attention

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Experimental Psychology

Background:

  • Older adults exhibit more significant performance decrements in dual-task scenarios compared to younger adults.
  • Attentional capacity reductions are presumed to underlie these deficits, but specific affected functions remain unclear.
  • The Theory of Visual Attention (TVA) offers a framework for modeling distinct attentional capacity parameters.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether older adults experience qualitatively different attentional effects or quantitatively similar effects under more challenging conditions.
  • To specify the precise attentional functions affected by dual-tasking in older adults.
  • To examine the impact of varying secondary motor task complexity on attentional capacity in younger and older adults.

Main Methods:

  • Participants performed a verbal whole report of briefly presented letter arrays, with TVA-based fitting to determine visual threshold (t0), processing speed (C), and visual short-term memory (VSTM) capacity (K).
  • A concurrent motor task involved continuous tapping of simple or complex sequences.
  • Experiments were conducted under single-task and dual-task conditions, comparing younger adults (simple/complex tapping) with older adults (simple tapping).

Main Results:

  • Older participants showed a decline in VSTM storage capacity (K) under dual-task conditions.
  • Younger adults performing a complex tapping task concurrently also exhibited reduced VSTM capacity, unlike those performing a simple tapping task.
  • No significant effects were observed on other TVA parameters or tapping accuracy, with comparable goodness-of-fit for TVA modeling in single and dual tasks.

Conclusions:

  • Age-specific motor-cognitive dual-task interference is characterized by a more pronounced decline in VSTM storage capacity in older adults.
  • VSTM capacity is interpreted as a central attentional resource shared between visual processing and concurrent motor performance.
  • Capacity limitations are reached earlier in older adults, even with less complex motor tasks, compared to younger adults.