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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

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Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to evaluate both the precision and the accuracy of their results. Measurements are said to be precise if they yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner. A measurement is considered accurate if it yields a result that is very close to the true or the accepted value. Precise values agree with each other; accurate values agree with a true value.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Use of Animal Model of Sepsis to Evaluate Novel Herbal Therapies

Use of Animal Model of Sepsis to Evaluate Novel Herbal Therapies

Published on: April 11, 2012

Precision Immunotherapy for Sepsis.

Annemieke M Peters van Ton¹, Matthijs Kox^1,2, Wilson F Abdo¹

¹Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.

Frontiers in Immunology

|September 21, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Despite decades of research, no adjunctive sepsis immunotherapy has succeeded. Future precision immunotherapy requires identifying patient immune phenotypes for targeted immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive treatments.

Keywords:

biomarkers hyperinflammation immunoparalysis immunostimulatory therapy immunosuppressive therapy precision medicine sepsis

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Last Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Use of Animal Model of Sepsis to Evaluate Novel Herbal Therapies

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Published on: April 11, 2012

Author Spotlight: Advanced Integrated Model for Sepsis-Induced Myopathy and Single-Cell Metabolic Analysis

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Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy

Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy

Published on: December 17, 2019

Area of Science:

Immunology
Critical Care Medicine
Pharmacology

Background:

Sepsis adjunctive immunotherapy has seen limited success despite extensive research.
Current clinical practice lacks effective adjunctive treatments beyond antibiotics and supportive care.
Heterogeneity in patient populations and difficulty in determining immunological phenotypes hinder clinical trial success.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the challenges in developing precision immunotherapy for sepsis.
To highlight the shift from immunosuppressive to immunostimulatory strategies.
To emphasize the need for identifying patient subgroups for targeted therapies.

Main Methods:

Literature review of sepsis immunotherapy research.
Analysis of factors contributing to clinical trial failures.
Discussion of the paradigm shift towards immune-enhancing strategies.

Main Results:

No single adjunctive sepsis therapy has proven effective to date.
Sepsis-induced immunoparalysis is a critical factor in morbidity and mortality.
Precision medicine approaches are essential for future immunotherapy trials.

Conclusions:

Identifying patients with suppressed or hyperactive immune systems is crucial.
Accurate monitoring of immune response and treatment efficacy is necessary.
Overcoming challenges in precision immunotherapy is vital for improving sepsis outcomes.