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ATP is a highly unstable molecule. Unless quickly used to perform work, ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the free energy released during this process is lost as heat. The energy released by ATP hydrolysis is used to perform work inside the cell and depends on a strategy called energy coupling. Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, allowing them to proceed.
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In an open-loop system, such as a basic thermostat, the poles of the transfer function influence the system's response but do not determine its stability. However, when feedback is introduced to form a closed-loop system, such as an advanced thermostat that adjusts heating based on room temperature, stability is governed by the new poles of the closed-loop transfer function.
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Bio-based Large Tablet Controlled-Release Urea: Synthesis, Characterization, and Controlled-Released Mechanisms.

Lu Liu1, Tianlin Shen1, Yuechao Yang1,2

  • 1National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment , Shandong Agricultural University , Taian , Shandong 271018 , People's Republic of China.

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
|September 21, 2018
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Summary

This study developed novel bio-based controlled-release urea (LTCRU) using nano fumed silica for enhanced nitrogen use efficiency. The new fertilizer reduces environmental pollution and supports sustainable agriculture.

Keywords:
bio-based materialmodified large tablet controlled-release ureanano fumed silicarelease ratesurface area

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Fertilizer overuse leads to environmental pollution and reduced nitrogen (N) use efficiency.
  • Developing controlled-release fertilizers is crucial for sustainable agriculture.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create a novel bio-based large tablet controlled-release urea (LTCRU).
  • To enhance nitrogen use efficiency and minimize environmental pollution from urea fertilizers.

Main Methods:

  • Coating urea prills (U) with bio-based materials to form large tablet urea (LTU).
  • Incorporating nano fumed silica (NFS) into coating materials to improve slow-release properties.
  • Analyzing surface area using 3D scanning and coating shell porosity via scanning electron microscopy.

Main Results:

  • LTU exhibited a lower surface area/weight ratio compared to U, reducing coating material requirements.
  • NFS addition decreased coating shell porosity in LTCRUs, extending nitrogen release longevity.
  • Two distinct nitrogen release patterns were observed based on coating shell pore structures.

Conclusions:

  • The novel LTCRU demonstrates excellent controlled-release characteristics.
  • This bio-based fertilizer has significant potential for advancing sustainable agricultural production.
  • LTCRU offers an effective solution for improving nitrogen use efficiency and reducing fertilizer-induced pollution.