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Related Concept Videos

Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Biology is a natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their structure, function, development, interactions, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. The field's scope is extensive and divided into several specialized disciplines, such as anatomy, physiology, ethology, genetics, and many more. All living things share a few key traits, including cellular organization, heritable genetic material and the ability to adapt/evolve, metabolism to regulate energy needs, the...
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Cooperative Allosteric Transitions01:58

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Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition
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Transition state characteristics during cell differentiation.

Rowan D Brackston1, Eszter Lakatos1, Michael P H Stumpf1,2

  • 1Centre for Integrative Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.

Plos Computational Biology
|September 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study uses dynamical systems models to analyze stem cell differentiation, revealing how transition states (TS) change with the cellular landscape. Understanding these dynamics offers insights into cell fate determination and heterogeneity during differentiation.

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Area of Science:

  • * Developmental Biology
  • * Systems Biology
  • * Computational Biology

Background:

  • * Stem cell differentiation is a fundamental biological process.
  • * Waddington's epigenetic landscape provides a conceptual model for differentiation.
  • * Mathematical and dynamical systems approaches can quantitatively analyze differentiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To explore dynamical systems features linked to stem cell differentiation.
  • * To map cell paths through gene expression space during fate transitions.
  • * To analyze the role and nature of the transition state (TS) in differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • * Analysis of exemplar dynamical models of stem cell differentiation.
  • * Mapping cell trajectories in gene expression space.
  • * Interpretation of models in terms of static or transitory epigenetic landscapes.

Main Results:

  • * Dynamical models reveal cell paths from stem cells to specialized fates.
  • * The transition state (TS) plays a crucial role in separating cell fates.
  • * The nature of the TS is influenced by changes in the underlying landscape, such as those induced by signaling.
  • * Stem cell differentiation models can be interpreted as static or transitory landscapes.

Conclusions:

  • * The transition state (TS) in stem cell differentiation can be a specific transcriptional profile or a period of heterogeneity.
  • * Dynamical systems modeling provides a quantitative framework for understanding cell fate decisions.
  • * Understanding the dynamics of the epigenetic landscape is key to controlling differentiation.