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Related Concept Videos

Weak Base Solutions03:21

Weak Base Solutions

25.3K
Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
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Acid Strength and Molecular Structure03:05

Acid Strength and Molecular Structure

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Binary Acids and Bases
In the absence of any leveling effect, the acid strength of binary compounds of hydrogen with nonmetals (A) increases as the H-A bond strength decreases down a group in the periodic table. For group 17, the order of increasing acidity is HF < HCl < HBr < HI. Likewise, for group 16, the order of increasing acid strength is H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te. Across a row in the periodic table, the acid strength of binary hydrogen compounds increases with increasing...
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Weak Acid Solutions04:02

Weak Acid Solutions

43.2K
Few compounds act as strong acids. A far greater number of compounds behave as weak acids and only partially react with water, leaving a large majority of dissolved molecules in their original form and generating a relatively small amount of hydronium ions. Weak acids are commonly encountered in nature, being the substances partly responsible for the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation of insect bites, and the unpleasant smells associated with body odor. A familiar example of a...
43.2K
Relative Strengths of Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs02:29

Relative Strengths of Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs

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Brønsted-Lowry acid-base chemistry is the transfer of protons; thus, logic suggests a relation between the relative strengths of conjugate acid-base pairs. The strength of an acid or base is quantified in its ionization constant, Ka or Kb, which represents the extent of the acid or base ionization reaction. For the conjugate acid-base pair HA / A−, the ionization equilibrium equations and ionization constant expressions are
52.5K
Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base01:08

Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base

4.9K
Weak acids and bases do not undergo dissociation completely, and titrations between these two are rarely studied. When such studies are performed, say, for the titration of a weak acid with a weak base, the titration curve plots the change in pH as a function of the volume of base added. Take the titration of acetic acid with ammonia, for instance. During the titration, these two species form ammonium acetate and water, but the pH change is slow and gradual.
As a result, there is no simple...
4.9K
Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base03:55

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

49.3K
Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Weak Acid/Strong Base
For the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.100 M CH3CO2H with 0.100 M NaOH, the reaction can be represented as:
49.3K

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ICH: Strengths, Weaknesses, and Future Tasks.

Sebastian Specht1, Ingrid Klingmann2

  • 11 Pharmaceutical Division, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland.

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|September 22, 2018
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Summary

This study evaluates the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) pharmaceutical guidelines. Experts identified strengths and weaknesses, offering insights for future improvements in drug regulation.

Keywords:
ICHdrug registrationguidelinesharmonizationinterviewspharmaceutical development

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Regulation
  • Drug Development Harmonization
  • Global Health Policy

Background:

  • The International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) was established in 1990 to standardize pharmaceutical regulations globally.
  • ICH aims to streamline drug development and authorization processes through collaboration between industry and regulatory bodies.
  • Key global pharmaceutical markets participate in ICH to foster harmonized technical requirements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the achievements of ICH over its 23-year history.
  • To identify the strengths and weaknesses of ICH's harmonization efforts.
  • To gather expert recommendations for enhancing the ICH framework.

Main Methods:

  • Qualitative research methodology involving interviews with 30 European experts.
  • Expert panel comprised 20 representatives from the pharmaceutical industry and 10 from health authorities.
  • Interviewees were selected based on their active involvement in ICH working groups.

Main Results:

  • ICH has successfully harmonized technical requirements for pharmaceutical registration.
  • Key strengths include fostering collaboration and standardizing guidelines.
  • Identified weaknesses relate to implementation challenges and the need for broader global inclusivity.

Conclusions:

  • ICH has made significant contributions to pharmaceutical regulation harmonization.
  • Expert feedback provides valuable insights for future ICH strategy and operational improvements.
  • Recommendations focus on strengthening ICH's effectiveness and expanding its global impact.