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Revisiting Panda 100, the first archaeological chimpanzee nut-cracking site.

T Proffitt1, M Haslam2, J F Mercader3

  • 1Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 31-34 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0PY, United Kingdom.

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Summary

Chimpanzee nut cracking tools, over 4000 years old, represent the oldest non-human tool use evidence. This study re-analyzes Panda 100 (P100) lithic tools, offering insights into early hominin percussive behaviors.

Keywords:
Lithic analysisPan troglodytes verusPercussive technologyPrimate archaeologyPrimate tool useRefit

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Area of Science:

  • Archaeology
  • Primatology
  • Paleoanthropology

Background:

  • The Panda 100 (P100) and Noulo sites in Côte d'Ivoire contain chimpanzee nut cracking tools.
  • This behavior, dating back over 4000 years, is the oldest known evidence of non-human tool use.
  • Previous studies compared these tools to early hominin stone tools, coining the term 'Pandan' for chimpanzee material.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a comprehensive technological, microscopic, and refit analysis of the P100 lithic assemblage.
  • To provide new data on the applicability of chimpanzee nut cracking tools for understanding early hominin percussive behaviors.
  • To analyze fragmentation sequences and percussive damage on Panda nut hammerstones.

Main Methods:

  • Technological analysis of lithic artifacts.
  • Microscopic examination of tool wear and damage.
  • Refitting of fragmented stone tools.
  • Analysis of hammerstone transport and fragmentation patterns.

Main Results:

  • Identification of new refit sets, including a >17m hammerstone transport.
  • Detailed characterization of Panda nut hammerstone fragmentation sequences.
  • Detailed characterization of percussive damage on P100 material.
  • The chimpanzee lithic archaeological record is dynamic, with fragmented pieces being more common than intact hammerstones.

Conclusions:

  • The P100 assemblage provides a valuable comparative sample for identifying past chimpanzee behavior.
  • Chimpanzee tool use offers insights into similar hominin percussive behaviors in the Early Stone Age.
  • The study highlights the dynamic nature of lithic archaeological records and the importance of analyzing fragmented materials.