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Spinal Nerves: Plexus II01:21

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

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The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
The Lumbar Plexus
The lumbar plexus is situated within the lumbar region of the back and is primarily formed by the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1 to L4). This plexus extends its branches into several nerves, including the...
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Nerve Supply of the GI Tract01:27

Nerve Supply of the GI Tract

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The neuronal supply to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is essential for regulating various functions, including digestion, absorption, and movement of food. This intricate network of nerves is known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), often referred to as the "second brain" of the body.
The enteric nervous system consists of two major plexuses: the myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus) and the submucosal plexus (Meissner's plexus). These plexuses are located within the layers of...
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Cranial Nerves: Types Part I01:14

Cranial Nerves: Types Part I

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, with the first six being essential in sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions related to the head and neck.
Olfactory Nerve (Cranial Nerve I)
The olfactory nerve, or cranial nerve I, is unique as it is purely sensory and dedicated to the sense of smell. This nerve originates in the olfactory epithelium of the...
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Cranial Nerves: Types Part II01:22

Cranial Nerves: Types Part II

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII)
Cranial nerve VII, or the facial nerve,...
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Spinal Nerves: Anatomy01:23

Spinal Nerves: Anatomy

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Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
There are 31 bilateral pairs of spinal nerves, each emerging from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramina—openings between adjacent vertebrae. These nerves are...
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Optic Nerve Sheath Point of Care Ultrasound: Image Acquisition
06:09

Optic Nerve Sheath Point of Care Ultrasound: Image Acquisition

Published on: August 18, 2023

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Optic nerve sheath meningocele.

Musleh Algarni1,2, Pejman J Maralani3, Arun Ne Sundaram1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, Arun.Sundaram@sunnybrook.ca.

International Medical Case Reports Journal
|September 22, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Optic nerve sheath meningocele, a benign dilation of the optic nerve sheath, is discussed. Two primary cases are presented, exploring causes, symptoms, and treatment options for this rare condition.

Keywords:
dural ectasia of the optic nerve sheathoptic disc edemaoptic nerve sheath meningocele

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Optic nerve sheath meningocele (ONSM) is a rare condition characterized by a benign dilation of the optic nerve sheath.
  • Also known as dural ectasia of the optic nerve, it involves cerebrospinal fluid within the optic nerve sheath.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present two unique cases of primary optic nerve sheath meningocele.
  • To discuss the etiology, clinical manifestations, and available management strategies for ONSM.

Main Methods:

  • Case report presentation of two patients with primary ONSM.
  • Review of relevant literature regarding the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of ONSM.

Main Results:

  • Detailed clinical findings and diagnostic imaging for both presented cases.
  • Discussion of the natural history and potential complications associated with ONSM.

Conclusions:

  • ONSM is a rare but benign condition requiring careful diagnosis.
  • Management should be individualized based on clinical presentation and potential visual impact.