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Related Concept Videos

ATP Energy Storage and Release01:31

ATP Energy Storage and Release

14.4K
ATP is a highly unstable molecule. Unless quickly used to perform work, ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the free energy released during this process is lost as heat. The energy released by ATP hydrolysis is used to perform work inside the cell and depends on a strategy called energy coupling. Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, allowing them to proceed.
One example of energy coupling using ATP involves a...
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ATP Yield01:31

ATP Yield

79.0K
Cellular respiration produces 30 - 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Although most of the ATP results from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain (ETC), 4 ATP are gained beforehand (2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle).
The ETC is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane and is comprised of four main protein complexes and an ATP synthase. NADH and FADH2 pass electrons to these complexes, which pump protons into the intermembrane space. This distribution of...
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Hydrolysis of ATP01:08

Hydrolysis of ATP

81.4K
The bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can be broken through the addition of water, releasing one or two phosphate groups in an exergonic process called hydrolysis. This reaction liberates the energy in the bonds for use in the cell—for instance, to synthesize proteins from amino acids.
If one phosphate group is removed, a molecule of ADP—adenosine diphosphate—remains, along with inorganic phosphate. ADP can be further hydrolyzed to AMP—adenosine...
81.4K
Energy-releasing Steps of Glycolysis01:28

Energy-releasing Steps of Glycolysis

146.9K
Glycolysis is divided into two phases based on whether energy is utilized or released. While the first phase consumes ATP, the second phase produces energy in the form of ATP and NADH. The energy is released over a sequence of reactions that turns G3P into pyruvate. The energy-releasing phase—steps 6-10 of glycolysis—occurs twice, once for each of the two 3-carbon sugars produced during steps 1-5 of the first phase.
The first energy-releasing step—the 6th step of glycolysis...
146.9K
ATP Synthase: Mechanism01:48

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

17.2K
In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased...
17.2K
ATP and Energy Production01:23

ATP and Energy Production

1.9K
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a critical molecule that functions as the main energy carrier in cells. Structurally, ATP consists of an adenosine molecule—comprising adenine and ribose—bonded to three phosphate groups. The high-energy bonds between these phosphate groups store significant amounts of potential energy. This energy is released during hydrolysis, wherein ATP is converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP), driving a variety of essential...
1.9K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

In Vivo Luminal Measurement of Distension-Evoked Urothelial ATP Release in Rodents
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In Vivo Luminal Measurement of Distension-Evoked Urothelial ATP Release in Rodents

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Light-induced ATP release from the lens.

Jesús Pintor1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, C/Arcos de Jalón 118, E-28037, Madrid, Spain. jpintor@ucm.es.

Purinergic Signalling
|September 22, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Melanopsin in the eye lens can be modulated by light. Blocking melanopsin reduces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release, suggesting light can control ocular ATP levels without drugs.

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Photobiology
  • Cellular Physiology

Background:

  • The discovery of melanopsin in lens epithelial cells offers a novel target for light-based modulation.
  • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) plays a crucial role in various ocular physiological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of melanopsin modulation on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release from the lens.
  • To explore the potential of light as a non-invasive method for controlling ocular ATP levels.

Main Methods:

  • Experiments were conducted on New Zealand white rabbits.
  • Melanopsin was blocked using a yellow filter (λ465-480) and a specific antagonist (AA92593).
  • The release of ATP into the aqueous humor was measured, along with the effect of a PLC inhibitor (U73122).
Keywords:
AA92593ATPEyeLensLightMelanopsin

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Main Results:

  • Application of a yellow filter reduced aqueous humor ATP by 70% compared to controls.
  • The melanopsin antagonist AA92593 reduced ATP by 63%.
  • Inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC) also reduced extracellular ATP, indicating a shared pathway.

Conclusions:

  • Blocking melanopsin, through light filters or antagonists, significantly reduces extracellular ATP release from the lens.
  • This finding highlights the potential for light-based therapies to modulate ocular functions regulated by ATP.
  • Light stimulation offers a non-pharmacological approach to influence ocular ATP release.