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Related Concept Videos

Amino acids03:42

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Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom. Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom known as the R group. There are 20 common amino acids present in proteins, each with a different R group. Variation in the amino acid sequence is responsible for...
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Microorganisms rely on proteins as an essential carbon and energy source, particularly in environments with limited polysaccharides or lipids. However, proteins are too large to cross the plasma membrane unaided, necessitating enzymatic degradation. Microbes secrete extracellular proteases and peptidases that hydrolyze proteins into peptides, which can then be transported across the membrane. Once inside the cell, intracellular proteases degrade these peptides into free amino acids, which...
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Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme...
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Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that are essential for plant functioning, researchers have leveraged a technique called hydroponics. In hydroponic culture systems, plants are grown—without soil—in water-based solutions containing nutrients. At least 17 nutrients have been identified as essential elements required by plants. Plants acquire these elements from the...
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Identifying Amino Acid Overproducers Using Rare-Codon-Rich Markers
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Nutritionally Essential Amino Acids.

Yongqing Hou1, Guoyao Wu2

  • 1Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.

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Essential amino acids (EAAs) are crucial for animal protein synthesis. This article focuses on defining and understanding EAAs, building upon historical nutritional research.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Nutrition Science
  • Animal Physiology

Background:

  • Amino acids (AAs) are organic compounds with amino and acid groups.
  • Proteinogenic AAs are L-isomers used in animal protein synthesis; free AAs can exist as L- or D-isoforms.
  • Historical research by Abderhalden and Rose classified AAs as essential (EAAs) or nonessential (NEAAs) based on nutritional studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define and elucidate the role of essential amino acids (EAAs).
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of EAAs in animal nutrition and metabolism.
  • To build upon previous work on nonessential amino acids (NEAAs).

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical nutritional balance studies (nitrogen balance, growth).
  • Analysis of classification criteria for EAAs and NEAAs.
  • Synthesis of existing literature on amino acid metabolism and requirements.

Main Results:

  • Essential amino acids (EAAs) are indispensable for maintaining positive nitrogen balance and supporting growth.
  • The classification of AAs as essential or nonessential is based on their requirement in the diet for specific physiological functions.
  • Glycine is an exception among proteinogenic AAs as it occurs naturally as an L-AA.

Conclusions:

  • Essential amino acids (EAAs) are critical dietary components for animal life.
  • Understanding EAA requirements is fundamental to animal nutrition and health.
  • This article serves as a focused review on the essential amino acids.