Beyond 2D: 3D bioprinting for skin regeneration
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Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Bioprinting of Cartilage and Skin Tissue Analogs Utilizing a Novel Passive Mixing Unit Technique for Bioink Precellularization
Published on: January 3, 2018
Rui Wang1,2, Yihui Wang1,2, Bin Yao2,3
1Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
Abstract:
Essential cellular functions that are present in tissues are missed by two-dimensional (2D) cell monolayer culture. It certainly limits their potential to predict the cellular responses of real organisms. Engineering approaches offer solutions to overcome current limitations. For example, establishing a three-dimensional (3D)-based matrix is motivated by the need to mimic the functions of living tissues, which will have a strong impact on regenerative medicine. However, as a novel approach, it requires the development of new standard protocols to increase the efficiency of clinical translation. In this review, we summarised the various aspects of requirements related to well-suited 3D bioprinting techniques for skin regeneration and discussed how to overcome current bottlenecks and propel these therapies into the clinic.
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