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Radicals adjacent to electron-donating groups are called nucleophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with electrophilic alkenes. The SOMO–LUMO interactions are the driving force for the reaction, where the high-energy SOMO of the electron-rich, nucleophilic radicals interacts with the low-energy LUMO of the electron-deficient, electrophilic alkenes. Such SOMO–LUMO interactions are the basis of reactive radical traps, affecting the selectivity in radical reactions. For...
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Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For example, the malonate radical, in which the radical center is flanked by two electron‐withdrawing groups, reacts readily with butyl vinyl ether, which consists of an electron‐donating oxygen substituent. The reaction between electrophilic malonate radical and nucleophilic vinyl ether is favored because the radical has a...
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Roots, often written as radicals, identify the quantity that must be raised to a specific exponent to produce a given value. A radical expression consists of two main components: the radicand, which is the value placed inside the root symbol, and the index, which indicates the degree of the root being taken. The notation n√a indicates the principal nth root of a. If n equals 2, the operation is the square root, while n = 3 defines the cube root. When n is even, a negative radicand does...
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The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
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Radical equations are mathematical expressions in which the variable is found within a radical, most commonly a square root or cube root. These equations frequently arise in science, engineering, and real-world measurements involving nonlinear relationships. To solve a radical equation, the standard procedure is to isolate the radical expression and then eliminate the radical by raising each side to a power equal to the index of the radical. This process may lead to extraneous...
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A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
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Capturing violent radicalization: Developing and validating scales measuring central aspects of radicalization.

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  • 1Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Research Unit Life Psychology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.

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|September 22, 2018
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Summary

This study introduces two new scales to measure extremism and the acceptance of violence. These validated tools offer reliable measurement for understanding violent radicalization processes.

Keywords:
Measurementextremismillegal actsradicalizationterrorismviolence

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Sociology
  • Political Science

Background:

  • Violent radicalization is a significant concern, driving research into terrorism and extremism prevention.
  • Effective research requires robust and reliable measurement tools for key constructs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate two generic scales for measuring extremism.
  • To assess the acceptance of violent and/or illegal means in radicalization.

Main Methods:

  • Scale development and validation procedures were employed.
  • Psychometric properties and cross-cultural equivalence were rigorously tested.

Main Results:

  • The developed scales demonstrated sound psychometric properties.
  • The scales showed cross-cultural equivalence, ensuring broad applicability.

Conclusions:

  • The new scales provide a solid, empirically-grounded measure of extremism.
  • These tools can advance the understanding of generic mechanisms in violent radicalization.