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Updated: Feb 5, 2026
Studying Triple Negative Breast Cancer Using Orthotopic Breast Cancer Model
Published on: March 20, 2020
Comparison of Receptor-Defined Breast Cancer Subtypes Between German and Sudanese Women: A Facility-Based Cohort
Asmerom Tesfamariam Sengal1, Nada Suliman Haj Mukhtar1, Martina Vetter1
1Asmerom Tesfamariam Sengal, Nada Suliman Haj Mukhtar, Ahmed Mohammed Elhaj, and Ahmed Abdalla Mohamedani, University of Gezira, Gezira, Sudan; Asmerom Tesfamariam Sengal, Orotta School of Medicine and Dentistry, Asmara, Eritrea; Martina Vetter, Christoph Thomssen, Claudia Wickenhauser, and Eva Johanna Kantelhardt, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Shahinaz Bedri, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar; and Steffen Hauptmann, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Purpose:
The objective of this study was to compare tumor characteristics, biomarkers, and surrogate subtypes of breast cancer between Sudanese and German women.
Methods:
Tumor characteristics and immunohistochemistry markers (estrogen receptor [ER], progesterone receptor [PR], and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 [HER2]) were collected from the routine assessment of consecutive patients with invasive breast cancer diagnosed from 2010 to 2015 (Gezira University Pathology Laboratory, Gezira, Sudan) and from 1999 to 2013 (Breast Centre, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany).
Results:
A total of 2,492 patients (German [n = 1,932] and Sudanese [n = 560]) were included. Age at diagnosis ranged from 20 to 94 years. Sudanese women were, on average, 10 years younger than German women, with a mean (± standard deviation) age of 48.8 (13.5) and 58.6 (12.4) years, respectively. The Sudanese women had a higher grade, larger tumor, and more lymph node positivity compared with German women. ER-, PR-, and HER2-negative proportions were 55%, 61.8%, and 71.3%, respectively, for Sudanese women versus 22.7%, 32.3%, and 82.5%, respectively, for German women. The triple-negative subtype was more prevalent in Sudanese women (34.5%) than in German women (14.2%). The strongest factor associated with ER-negative disease was grade III (odds ratio, 19.6; 95% CI 11.6 to 33.4; P < .001). Sudanese patients were at higher risk for ER-negative breast cancer, with an odds ratio of 2.01 ( P = .001; adjusted for age, size, nodal status, histologic type, and grade). Stratified by grade, the influence of origin was observed in grade I and grade II tumors, but not in grade III tumors.
Conclusion:
Sudanese women had more aggressive tumor characteristics and unfavorable prognostic biomarkers. After adjustment, Sudanese origin was still associated with hormone receptor-negative disease, especially in grade I and II tumors. These findings suggest differences in tumor biology among these ethnic groups.
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