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What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

196.8K
Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

11.5K
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
11.5K
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
16.6K
mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

6.7K
The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability
6.7K
Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

24.9K
Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
The 3-dimensional positioning of chromatin in the nucleus influences the...
24.9K
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

26.4K
Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
26.4K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

High-throughput Protein Expression Generator Using a Microfluidic Platform
09:26

High-throughput Protein Expression Generator Using a Microfluidic Platform

Published on: August 23, 2012

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Microfluidic Transfection for High-Throughput Mammalian Protein Expression.

Kristina Woodruff1, Sebastian J Maerkl2

  • 1Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|September 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a microfluidic device for high-throughput mammalian cell transfection and culturing, enabling precise environmental control and real-time monitoring of cellular dynamics for synthetic biology applications.

Keywords:
Automated microscopyDNA arrayHigh-throughput screeningMammalian cellsMicroarraysMicrofluidicsProtein arrayProtein expressionSurface chemistryTransfection

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Area of Science:

  • Synthetic biology
  • Cell biology
  • Microfluidics

Background:

  • Mammalian cell manipulation requires efficient, parallelized methods for transfection, culturing, and analysis.
  • Current high-throughput microarray transfection methods lack precise environmental control and manual culturing.
  • Existing techniques often rely on end-point measurements, limiting dynamic cellular analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an improved method for highly parallel transfection and culturing of mammalian cells.
  • To provide precise control over the cellular environment during transfection and culture.
  • To enable real-time, high-content imaging for dynamic analysis of cellular behavior and protein expression.

Main Methods:

  • Development and implementation of a microfluidic transfection device.
  • High-throughput cell loading and transfection (up to 280 reactions per chip).
  • Integration with high-content imaging for time-resolved cellular interrogation.

Main Results:

  • The microfluidic device achieves high-efficiency transfection.
  • It offers tightly regulated culturing environments with physical separation of reactions.
  • Enables dynamic evaluation of cellular behavior and protein expression over time.

Conclusions:

  • Microfluidic devices offer a superior alternative to microarrays for mammalian cell transfection and culturing.
  • This technology enhances parallel processing, environmental control, and dynamic cellular analysis.
  • It significantly benefits synthetic biology and cell biology research by improving experimental capabilities.