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Updated: Feb 4, 2026

An Optimized Hemagglutination Inhibition HI Assay to Quantify Influenza-specific Antibody Titers
Published on: December 1, 2017
C1q-binding donor-specific antibody assays help define risk and prognosis in antibody-mediated rejection
Emanuele Cozzi1, Luigi Biancone2
1Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Transplant Immunology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padova, Italy.
Abstract:
Antibody-mediated rejection represents the first cause of graft loss in renal transplant recipients, and it is imperative to identify appropriate tools to enable risk stratification of such patients. Lately, the usefulness of measuring complement-binding anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) in renal transplantation has been intensely debated. While the jury is still out, recent data suggest that monitoring complement-binding DSAs may help to recognize high-risk patients and possibly trigger more effective interventions in selected patients.
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Antibody Structure
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
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Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
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Neutralization
Antibodies can bind to pathogens, preventing them from infecting host cells. This process...
Antibody Structure and Classes
The basic structure of an antibody consists of four protein chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. These chains are held together by disulfide bonds and other non-covalent interactions, forming a Y-shaped structure.
The Equilibrium Binding Constant and Binding Strength
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis
Relative Risk

