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Related Concept Videos

Breathing01:05

Breathing

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The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
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Nerve Supply of the GI Tract01:27

Nerve Supply of the GI Tract

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The neuronal supply to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is essential for regulating various functions, including digestion, absorption, and movement of food. This intricate network of nerves is known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), often referred to as the "second brain" of the body.
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Mechanism of Breathing I: Inspiration01:30

Mechanism of Breathing I: Inspiration

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Introduction to Inspiration: The Respiratory System in Action
The respiratory system, an essential network for breathing, comprises the conducting and respiratory zones, each playing a crucial role in the overall process of respiration. Let us explore the detailed mechanism of inspiration, or inhalation, which is the first phase of the respiratory cycle.
Pathway of Air during Inspiration
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Mechanism of Breathing II: Expiration01:23

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The Physiology of Expiration: A Seamless Respiratory Process
Expiration, or exhaling, is a complex physiological process that begins as the inspiratory muscles begin to relax. This relaxation triggers a series of events that epitomize the efficiency of the respiratory system.
Mechanism of Expiration:
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Blood Supply to the Digestive System01:16

Blood Supply to the Digestive System

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Splanchnic circulation refers to the network of blood vessels that supply and drain blood from the abdominal organs involved in digestion, including the stomach, liver, pancreas, intestines, and spleen. This circulation delivers essential nutrients and oxygen while removing waste products from these organs.
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Energy Supply for Muscle Contraction01:25

Energy Supply for Muscle Contraction

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Skeletal muscle fibers have the unique ability to switch between rest and contraction states, using different sources of ATP for energy. The contraction cycle and Ca2+ transport back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum for relaxation require significant ATP. However, the ATP reserves in muscle fibers are limited and can only sustain contractions for a few seconds. Additional ATP production becomes necessary for prolonged contractions. As a result, muscle fibers generate ATP through various sources,...
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Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Oxygenation-sensitive Cardiac MRI with Vasoactive Breathing Maneuvers for the Non-invasive Assessment of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction
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AMPK breathing and oxygen supply.

A Mark Evans1

  • 1Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh Medical School, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology
|September 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulates breathing during hypoxia. While it mediates hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV), it affects the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) in the brainstem, not the carotid bodies.

Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Metabolic Regulation
  • Respiratory Control

Background:

  • Breathing regulation is vital for adapting to low oxygen conditions, involving hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) and the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR).
  • AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a key metabolic regulator, was hypothesized to mediate HPV and influence HVR via carotid body input.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and present findings on the role of AMPK in mediating HPV and HVR.
  • To investigate the precise mechanism by which AMPK influences the HVR.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing pharmacological and physiological studies.
  • Analysis of findings related to AMPK's role in carotid body activation and brainstem respiratory control during hypoxia.

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Main Results:

  • Strong evidence supports AMPK's role in mediating HPV.
  • AMPK is critical for HVR, but not through carotid body activation as initially hypothesized.
  • AMPK deficiency impairs HVR at the brainstem level, independent of carotid body signaling.

Conclusions:

  • AMPK is a key mediator of HPV.
  • AMPK's role in HVR involves integrating peripheral hypoxic signals within the brainstem respiratory network.
  • The function of AMPK in breathing regulation has evolved to ensure whole-body oxygen and energy supply.