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Related Concept Videos

Eccentric Loading01:16

Eccentric Loading

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Eccentric loading is a crucial concept in the study of structural engineering and mechanics, particularly when analyzing the stability and stress distribution in columns. Unlike centric loading, where the force is applied along the centroidal axis, causing uniform compression, eccentric loading occurs when a force is applied off-center. This off-center application introduces not only direct compressive stress but also bending stress, significantly influencing the column's behavior under...
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Eccentricity of an Ellipse01:27

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An ellipse is a fundamental conic section defined by the constant sum of distances from any point on its curve to two fixed points, known as the foci. This geometric property can be physically demonstrated using a pencil, string, and two pins. By anchoring the string at both ends and maintaining it taut with a pencil, one can trace the outline of an ellipse.The shape and extent of the ellipse are determined by its eccentricity, e, defined as the ratio of the distance between the center and a...
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General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading01:12

General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading

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Unsymmetrical bending occurs when the bending moment applied to a structural member does not align with its principal axis. This misalignment leads to complex stress distributions and deflection patterns that differ from symmetrical bending, which are essential for designing structures to withstand different loading conditions.
Consider a member subjected to equal and opposite forces that are applied along a line that does not coincide with the member's neutral axis. In unsymmetrical...
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Design of Columns under an Eccentric Load01:21

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Designing columns to withstand eccentric loads is a critical aspect of structural engineering, ensuring structures can support off-center loads without failure. This design process must account for the additional normal stresses introduced by eccentric loading, which can significantly influence a column's stress distribution and overall stability. An eccentric load applied to a column induces normal stresses that can be conceptualized as a combination of stresses due to an equivalent...
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Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry01:16

Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry

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Eccentric axial loading occurs when an axial load is applied away from the centroidal axis of a structural member. This scenario is common in engineering, where structural elements may not be directly aligned due to various design or functional requirements.
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Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy01:26

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

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Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: Insights into Visual Cortex Research Through Wide-View fMRI Mapping
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Eccentricity-dependent temporal contrast tuning in human visual cortex measured with fMRI.

Marc M Himmelberg1, Alex R Wade2

  • 1Department of Psychology, The University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.

Neuroimage
|September 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Peripheral vision has higher temporal contrast sensitivity, but this is not always seen behaviorally. This study used fMRI to show how the brain processes this sensitivity across visual areas.

Keywords:
EccentricityMagnocellular pathwayPopulation receptive fieldsTemporal contrast sensitivityVisual cortexfMRI

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception
  • Retinal Physiology

Background:

  • Peripheral retinal cells show higher contrast sensitivity and flicker response than foveal cells.
  • This retinal sensitivity does not consistently translate to observed behavioral temporal contrast sensitivity in peripheral vision.
  • The cortical representation of temporal contrast sensitivity across visual field maps remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how temporal contrast sensitivity is represented across eccentricity in cortical visual areas.
  • To determine if cortical sensitivities reflect retinal cell properties or psychophysical sensitivities.
  • To map contrast sensitivity profiles at different temporal frequencies in visual cortex.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure contrast sensitivity.
  • Measurements were taken at four temporal frequencies across five retinotopically defined visual areas.
  • Population receptive field (pRF) parameters (eccentricity, size, polar angle) were also assessed.

Main Results:

  • Contrast sensitivity peaked at 10 Hz across all visual areas, irrespective of pRF parameters.
  • In visual areas V1, V2, V3, and V3a, voxels tuned to the periphery showed higher contrast sensitivity at 20 Hz.
  • Visual area hV4 demonstrated contrast sensitivity profiles more aligned with behavioral data.

Conclusions:

  • The findings suggest a cortical representation of enhanced peripheral temporal contrast sensitivity originating in the retina.
  • A later compensation mechanism within the visual pathway is likely responsible for the discrepancy between retinal/cortical and behavioral sensitivity.
  • This research clarifies the neural basis of visual processing across the visual field.