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A population is composed of members of the same species that simultaneously live and interact in the same area. When individuals in a population breed, they pass down their genes to their offspring. Many of these genes are polymorphic, meaning that they occur in multiple variants. Such variations of a gene are referred to as alleles. The collective set of all the alleles within a population is known as the gene pool.
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Small population sizes put a species at extreme risk of extinction due to a lack of variation, and a consequent decrease in adaptability. This weakens the chances of survival under pressures such as climate change, competition from other species, or new diseases. Large populations are more likely to survive pressures such as these, as such populations are more likely to harbor individuals that have genetic variants that are adaptive under new stresses. Small populations are much less...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Use of a Rat Model to Study Ventral Abdominal Hernia Repair
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Reoperation for inguinal hernia recurrence in Ontario: a population-based study.

J K Ramjist1,2,3, F Dossa2,3,4,5, T A Stukel4,6

  • 1Institute for Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Hernia : the Journal of Hernias and Abdominal Wall Surgery
|September 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair (IHR) shows a higher recurrence risk than open repair, especially with lower surgeon volume. High-volume surgeons may achieve similar outcomes, but few met this criterion.

Keywords:
Inguinal herniaLaparoscopicMeshRecurrenceVolume

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Area of Science:

  • Surgical outcomes research
  • Comparative effectiveness studies
  • Hernia repair techniques

Background:

  • Inguinal hernia repair (IHR) is a common surgical procedure.
  • The comparative effectiveness of laparoscopic versus open IHR in real-world settings is not well-established.
  • Understanding recurrence rates is crucial for patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the rate of recurrent inguinal hernia after laparoscopic versus open mesh repair.
  • To evaluate the impact of surgeon caseload on recurrence rates for different IHR techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Population-based retrospective cohort study using linked administrative databases in Ontario, Canada.
  • Inclusion of adult patients undergoing primary IHR between 2003 and 2012, with follow-up until 2014.
  • Primary outcome: reoperation for recurrent IHR, analyzed using Cox proportional hazards modeling, with adjustments for patient and surgeon factors.

Main Results:

  • A total of 93,501 primary IHRs were analyzed (85.4% open, 14.6% laparoscopic).
  • The 5-year cumulative risk of recurrence was 2.0% for open repair and 3.4% for laparoscopic repair.
  • Laparoscopic repair was associated with a higher recurrence risk for surgeons with ≤50 cases/year (HR 1.76-1.78), but not for those with >50 cases/year (HR 1.21).

Conclusions:

  • Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair (IHR) is generally linked to a higher recurrence risk compared to open IHR.
  • High-volume surgeons performing laparoscopic IHR may achieve comparable results to open repair.
  • Few surgeons in the study met the high-volume criterion (>50 cases/year) for laparoscopic repairs, suggesting potential challenges in achieving optimal outcomes.