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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
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Introduction to Urinary System01:13

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The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra.
The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located in the retroperitoneal space, on either side of the vertebral column, between the T12 and L3 vertebrae. They are partially protected by the rib cage and surrounded by perirenal fat, which provides cushioning. They are responsible for urine formation and play critical roles in regulating blood pressure, electrolyte levels, and hormone production. The ureters...
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Disorders of the Urinary System01:20

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The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common urinary system disorders. They are caused by bacteria that enter the urethra and can spread to the bladder resulting in cystitis. Pyelonephritis is the result of a UTI that has ascended to the level of the...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
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Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction01:26

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction

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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) impact various parts of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These infections are generally bacterial, with Escherichia coli being the most common causative agent, often originating from the gastrointestinal tract. However, other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, are also known to cause UTIs. The type, location, and underlying complexity of the UTI guide both...
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Urinary Bladder Distention Evoked Visceromotor Responses as a Model for Bladder Pain in Mice
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Urinary Markers in Bladder Cancer: An Update.

Giorgio Santoni1, Maria B Morelli1,2, Consuelo Amantini2

  • 1Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.

Frontiers in Oncology
|September 25, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Developing novel urine-based biomarkers is crucial for early bladder cancer (BC) detection and surveillance. Liquid biopsy offers promising minimally invasive approaches to improve diagnostic accuracy for both non-muscle invasive (NMIBC) and muscle invasive (MIBC) bladder cancer.

Keywords:
bladder cancerexosomesliquid biopsymicroRNAurinary biomarkers

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Diagnostics

Background:

  • Bladder cancer (BC) is a prevalent malignancy with distinct subtypes: muscle-invasive (MIBC) and non-muscle-invasive (NMIBC).
  • NMIBC frequently recurs and progresses, leading to poorer survival and metastasis, highlighting the need for improved detection and monitoring.
  • Current diagnostic methods like cystoscopy and biopsy are invasive, costly, and associated with adverse effects, necessitating alternative approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the limitations of current bladder cancer diagnostics.
  • To explore the potential of minimally invasive liquid biopsy for detecting and monitoring bladder cancer.
  • To identify novel molecular markers for improved diagnostic accuracy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on bladder cancer diagnostics and emerging liquid biopsy techniques.
  • Assessment of various biomarkers in body fluids, including DNA, RNA, proteins, and exosomes in urine.
  • Emphasis on the evaluation of circulating cell-free DNA, DNA methylation, mutations, circulating tumor cells, miRNAs, lncRNAs, mRNAs, and exosomes.

Main Results:

  • Existing urine-based tests for BC detection show suboptimal sensitivity and specificity.
  • Liquid biopsy, utilizing biomarkers in urine, presents a promising minimally invasive strategy for urologic malignancies.
  • Various molecular markers (DNA, RNA, proteins, exosomes) are being investigated for their diagnostic and prognostic potential in bladder cancer.

Conclusions:

  • There is an urgent need for novel, accurate, and minimally invasive diagnostic methods for bladder cancer.
  • Liquid biopsy biomarkers in urine hold significant promise for improving the detection, prognosis, and monitoring of bladder cancer.
  • Further validation of proteomic and genomic data in multicenter clinical studies is essential before widespread clinical adoption.