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Related Concept Videos

Nucleic Acids02:43

Nucleic Acids

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Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
DNA and RNA
The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. In prokaryotes,...
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Nucleic acids02:43

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Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
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Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

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The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
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Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides01:20

Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides

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Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and have instructions for its functioning. The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
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Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids01:28

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Nucleic acid biosynthesis is a fundamental biochemical process that produces the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides essential for DNA and RNA synthesis. This pathway maintains a balanced nucleotide pool, preventing imbalances that could jeopardize genetic integrity and cellular function. Given the crucial role of nucleotides, their synthesis is tightly regulated to ensure proper cellular homeostasis.Purine BiosynthesisThe biosynthesis of purine nucleotides begins with ribose-5-phosphate, a...
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Kinetic Screening of Nuclease Activity using Nucleic Acid Probes
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Bioresponsive polyplexes - chemically programmed for nucleic acid delivery.

Simone Hager1, Ernst Wagner1

  • 1a Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Munich , Germany.

Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery
|September 25, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Smart synthetic viruses, or bioresponsive polyplexes, offer advanced nucleic acid delivery by mimicking viral strategies. These systems are designed for targeted delivery, though further optimization is needed for enhanced efficiency and specificity in medical applications.

Keywords:
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)bioreduciblebioresponsiveendogenous triggerhypoxianon-viral nucleic acid delivery systemspHpolyplexesreactive oxygen species (ROS)redox potential

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Materials Science
  • Nanomedicine

Background:

  • Nucleic acid delivery is challenging, requiring carriers with extracellular stability and intracellular disassembly.
  • Viruses, optimized by evolution, effectively deliver genetic material, serving as models for synthetic carriers.
  • Smart synthetic carriers, or 'synthetic viruses,' mimic viral infection for programmed delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review polymer-based, bioresponsive nanosystems (polyplexes) for nucleic acid delivery.
  • To detail strategies using pH, redox, and enzyme responsiveness.
  • To present examples of combined bioresponsiveness and other endogenous triggers.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on polymer-based bioresponsive nanosystems.
  • Detailed description of pH, redox, and enzyme-responsive strategies.
  • Brief illustration of systems responding to reactive oxygen species, ATP, and hypoxia.

Main Results:

  • Bioresponsive polyplexes enable programmed and timely nucleic acid delivery.
  • Various triggers (pH, redox, enzymes, ROS, ATP, hypoxia) can be utilized for responsiveness.
  • Combined bioresponsiveness offers enhanced control over delivery.

Conclusions:

  • Bioresponsive polyplexes are promising for targeted nucleic acid delivery.
  • Further optimization is crucial to improve transfection efficiency and specificity.
  • Precise carrier design and stability considerations are key for medical translation.