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Related Concept Videos

Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

26.5K
Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
26.5K
Common Ion Effect03:24

Common Ion Effect

46.8K
Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

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Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
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Ion Channels01:19

Ion Channels

91.5K
The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow...
91.5K
Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

26.1K
A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
26.1K
Ions and Ionic Charges03:27

Ions and Ionic Charges

79.2K
In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus — which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element — remains unchanged. Electrons, however, can be added to atoms by transfer from other atoms, lost by transfer to other atoms, or shared with other atoms. The transfer and sharing of electrons among atoms govern the chemistry of the elements. During the formation of some compounds, atoms gain or lose electrons to form electrically charged particles called...
79.2K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
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Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

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Constructing efficient mixed-ion perovskite solar cells based on TiO2 nanorod array.

Longkai Yang1, Xin Wang1, Xianmin Mai2

  • 1Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
|September 25, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Optimizing perovskite precursor concentration on oriented titanium dioxide nanorod arrays (TiO2 NA) enhances charge collection in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). This study achieved a 19.33% power conversion efficiency with minimal hysteresis.

Keywords:
Mixed-ionNanorod arrayPerovskite solar cellTiO(2)

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Last Updated: Feb 4, 2026

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Well-aligned Vertically Oriented ZnO Nanorod Arrays and their Application in Inverted Small Molecule Solar Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Oriented titanium dioxide nanorod arrays (TiO2 NA) are crucial for efficient charge collection in halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to their structural advantages.
  • Optimizing perovskite film crystallization on TiO2 NA is essential for improving PSC performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of perovskite precursor concentration on the crystallization and performance of perovskite films grown on TiO2 NA.
  • To elucidate the mechanism linking precursor concentration, crystallite growth, and charge dynamics in PSCs.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) to analyze perovskite film crystallization.
  • Employed time-resolved methods to study charge separation and transport dynamics.
  • Applied atomic force microscopy (AFM) to assess film morphology and recombination effects.

Main Results:

  • A mechanism was proposed connecting precursor concentration to perovskite crystallite growth during anti-solvent quenching.
  • Thicker perovskite films with larger grains exhibited faster charge separation and longer charge transport.
  • Excessive film thickness led to increased recombination, impairing charge collection.

Conclusions:

  • Balancing perovskite film thickness and charge collection efficiency is key to high-performance PSCs.
  • Achieved a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.33% with reduced hysteresis.
  • Highlights the potential of 1D electron extraction materials like TiO2 NA in advanced PSCs.