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Related Concept Videos

Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

20.0K
Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
20.0K
Acid Halides to Esters: Alcoholysis01:12

Acid Halides to Esters: Alcoholysis

4.0K
Alcoholysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which an alcohol functions as a nucleophile. Acid halides react with alcohol to produce esters. The mechanism proceeds in three steps:
4.0K
Mass Spectrometry: Alkyl Halide Fragmentation01:22

Mass Spectrometry: Alkyl Halide Fragmentation

1.5K
Chlorine isotopes exist as 35Cl and 37Cl in a 3:1 ratio, while bromine isotopes exist as 79Br and 81Br in a 1:1 ratio. The mass spectrum of alkyl halides typically produces two distinct molecular ion peaks, the molecular ion peak, [M], and the molecular ion plus two, [M + 2] peak. The relative heights of these two peaks are proportional to the isotopic abundance ratios of the halide. For example, 2‐chloropropane and 1‐bromopropane display two peaks with relative peak heights in a 3:1 and...
1.5K
Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

3.6K
Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic...
3.6K
Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers01:22

Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers

550
Understanding the working function of different types of controllers can be illustrated with practical analogies, such as adjusting a stereo's volume equalizer. Cranking up the bass involves a phase-lead controller, which functions as a high-pass filter, while increasing the treble uses a phase-lag controller, which acts as a low-pass filter. PD controllers, similar to high-pass filters, enhance the system's response to high-frequency components. PI controllers, akin to low-pass...
550
Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis01:07

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

4.4K
Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...
4.4K

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Facile Synthesis of Colloidal Lead Halide Perovskite Nanoplatelets via Ligand-Assisted Reprecipitation
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Facile Synthesis of Colloidal Lead Halide Perovskite Nanoplatelets via Ligand-Assisted Reprecipitation

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Large electrostrictive response in lead halide perovskites.

Bo Chen1, Tao Li2, Qingfeng Dong1

  • 1Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.

Nature Materials
|September 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers discovered a large electrostrictive response in methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3) single crystals. This finding, comparable to human muscle, opens new avenues for electromechanical applications.

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Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films
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Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films
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Inkjet Printing All Inorganic Halide Perovskite Inks for Photovoltaic Applications
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Physics
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Lead halide perovskites excel in optoelectronic devices.
  • Electromechanical properties of these materials remain underexplored.
  • Inorganic perovskites are widely used in electromechanical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the electromechanical properties of lead halide perovskites.
  • To discover and characterize electrostriction in methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3) single crystals.
  • To explore potential applications of this phenomenon.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental characterization of MAPbI3 single crystals under an electric field.
  • Exclusion of various physical phenomena (piezoelectricity, thermal expansion, etc.).
  • Density functional theory (DFT) calculations to elucidate the mechanism.

Main Results:

  • A large electrostrictive response was observed in MAPbI3 single crystals.
  • A compressive strain of 1% was achieved under an electric field of 3.7 V µm-1.
  • A mechanical energy density of 0.74 J cm-3 was recorded, comparable to human muscle.

Conclusions:

  • Electrostriction in MAPbI3 is likely caused by lattice deformation due to defect formation under bias.
  • This discovery suggests potential applications in actuators, sonar, and micro-electromechanical systems.
  • The findings enhance the understanding of field-dependent properties in perovskite materials.