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Colloids

Colloids

Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...

Colloids and Suspensions

Colloids and Suspensions

Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles visible to the naked eye or seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. The suspended particles in a suspension settle out after some time of mixing. The separation of particles from a suspension is...

Colloidal precipitates

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...

Aggregates Classification

Aggregates Classification

Aggregate classification is generally based on its size, petrographic characteristics, weight, and source. Size classification ranges from coarse to fine aggregates, defined by the size of the particles. Coarse aggregates are particles that do not pass through ASTM sieve No. 4, and aggregates that pass through the sieve are fine aggregates.
Petrographic classification groups aggregates based on common mineralogical characteristics. Some of the common mineral groups found in aggregates are...

Cartesian Form for Vector Formulation

Cartesian Form for Vector Formulation

The Cartesian form for vector formulation is a process to calculate the moment of force using the position and force vectors. The moment of force is defined as the cross-product of these vectors, making it a vector quantity. The Cartesian form of the position and force vectors involves unit vectors, which can be used to express the cross-product in determinant form.

Resultant Moment: Vector Formulation

Resultant Moment: Vector Formulation

When a force is applied to an object, the tendency of the object to rotate about a point is known as its moment. If multiple forces are acting on an object, the sum of moments of all the forces acting on a body can be expressed as the resultant moment of the system. The resultant moment can be considered a vector quantity that can be added and subtracted like any other vector.
The resultant moment of a system of forces can be calculated through vector formulation. For example, if we consider...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Published on: April 22, 2016

Colloidal aggregation: from screening nuisance to formulation nuance.

Ahil N Ganesh^1,2, Eric N Donders^1,2, Brian K Shoichet³

¹Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, ON,Canada.

|September 26, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Small molecule colloidal aggregation causes false positives in drug discovery. Understanding its physical chemistry offers opportunities for drug formulation and biological applications.

Keywords:

Colloidal aggregates high-throughput screening protein adsorption self-assembly

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Area of Science:

Physical Chemistry
Drug Discovery
Colloid Science

Background:

Small molecule colloidal aggregation is a significant challenge in early drug discovery, leading to false positives.
Colloid-forming compounds are prevalent in screening libraries and even approved drugs.
The physical chemistry of drug-like compound colloid formation is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the impact of colloidal aggregation on early drug discovery.
To explore the physical and thermodynamic driving forces behind small molecule colloidal aggregation.
To discuss methods for identifying, studying, and controlling aggregate-forming compounds.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on colloidal aggregation in drug discovery.
Analysis of the physical and thermodynamic principles governing small molecule colloid formation.
Description of experimental techniques for identifying and characterizing aggregate-formers.

Main Results:

Colloidal aggregation mechanisms include particulate nature, critical aggregation concentration, protein adsorption, and detergent sensitivity.
Established methods effectively identify and characterize aggregate-forming compounds.
Colloidal aggregation can lead to non-specific protein binding and inhibition.

Conclusions:

Colloidal aggregation presents challenges but also opportunities in drug discovery and formulation.
Understanding the physical chemistry of aggregation can mitigate false positives.
Exploiting colloidal properties may lead to novel therapeutic strategies and improved drug delivery.